Compositions and methods relating to salts of specialized pro-resolving mediators

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds of Formulas I-IV, which are salts of special lipid mediators of inflammation, compositions containing same, and methods of using same in the treatment of various diseases and disorders characterized by chronic or excessive inflammation, or both. Provided are pharmaceutical compositions adapted to deliver the compounds the lower gastrointestinal tract and methods of using same as monotherapy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract, and in combination therapy with 5-aminosalicylate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage entry, filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371, of International Application No. PCT/US2018/062784, filed on Nov. 28, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/824,606, filed on Nov. 28, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,420,843, granted Sep. 24, 2019, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 15/535,936, filed Jun. 14, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,130,719, granted Nov. 20, 2018, which is a national stage entry, filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371, of International Application No. PCT/US2017/035752, filed on Jun. 2, 2017, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/345,043, filed on Jun. 3, 2016, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to new chemical entities which are salt forms of lipid molecules, and their use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The inflammatory response in animal tissues has two phases, initiation and resolution. At the cellular level, initiation is characterized by edema and the accumulation of immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. The initiation phase of the inflammatory response has long been recognized as an active process driven by metabolites of arachidonic acid such as the prostaglandins PGE₂ and PGD₂, which are chemo-attractants for eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes, and the leukotrienes, especially LTB₄ which elicit adhesion, chemotaxis, and aggregation of leukocytes. In order for the inflamed tissue to return to a healthy state, the excess inflammatory cells, cellular debris, and other remnants of the host defense and any invading microorganisms must be cleared. This ‘resolution’ phase of the inflammatory response was for many years believed to be a passive process, the result of the dilution of the chemo-attractants of the initiation phase. Today, resolution of inflammation is recognized as an active process, driven by various molecules. For example, protectins and resolvins are autacoids produced locally at the site of inflammation. They assist in resolving inflammation by recruiting non-inflammatory monocytes which differentiate into macrophages that can remove excess neutrophils and cellular debris. These molecules are part of a class of ‘specialized pro-resolving mediators’ (“SPMs”) of inflammation. Other SPMs include lipoxins, aspirin-triggered resolvins and aspirin-triggered protectins. See Serhan et al., “Lipid Mediators of Inflammation”, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a016311.

Excessive inflammation is widely recognized as a unifying component in many chronic diseases including vascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and neurological diseases. See e.g., Serhan, C. N., Nature 2014 510:92-101. Accordingly, the ability to resolve excessive inflammation is of importance to human and animal health.

Researchers have established a role for various SPMs in numerous disease models, including those relating to Alzheimer's disease, burn wounds, chronic pancreatitis, diabetic wounds, dermatitis, pulmonary inflammation, peripheral nerve injury, obesity, allergic airway response, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, acute lung injury, fibrosis, bacterial infection, peritonitis, dry eye, tissue regeneration, pain, adipose tissue inflammation, localized aggressive periodontitis, colitis, temporomandibular joint inflammation, arthritis, postoperative pain, postsurgical cognitive decline, endotoxin shock, HSV-keratitis, allograft rejection, heart ischemia, bacterial pneumonia, cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation, vascular inflammation, fibromyalgia, and vagotomy. See e.g., Serhan et al., “Lipid Mediators of Inflammation”, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a016311. U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,008,282 and 6,627,658 describe lipoxin analogs and their use as inhibitors of angiogenesis. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,441,951, 5,648,512, 6,048,897, 6,316,648, 6,569,075, 6,887,901, 7,288,569, and 7,294,728, 7,741,369, and 7,741,369 describe lipoxin compounds and their use in treating cell proliferative disorders. U.S. Pat. No. 8,119,691 describes lipoxins and aspirin triggered lipoxins and their analogs in the treatment of asthma and inflammatory airway disease.

US 20060293288 describes the use of resolvins to treat gastrointestinal inflammation and diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, infectious enteritis, antibiotic associative diarrhea, Clostridium difficile colitis, microscopic or lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, colon polyps, familial polyps, familial polyposis syndrome, Gardner's Syndrome, Helicobacter pylori, irritable bowel syndrome, nonspecific diarrheal illnesses, and intestinal cancers.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,670,396, 7,053,230, 7,709,669, 7,737,178, and 8,349,896 describe aspirin triggered lipid mediators and their use in methods for treating inflammation, for example where the inflammation manifests as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, distal proctitis, rheumatoid spondylitis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, psoriasis, dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, atopic or seborrheic dermatitis, allergic or irritant contact dermatitis, eczema craquelee, photoallergic dermatitis, phototoxic dermatitis, phytophotodermatitis, radiation dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, arterial inflammation, coronary infarct damage, restenosis, uveitis, iritis, conjunctivitis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, a spasmogenic condition, asthma, idiopathic bronchial asthma, arterial smooth muscle constriction, coronary spasm, myocardial infarction, ischemia-induced myocardial injury, cerebral spasm, stroke, inflammatory bowel disorder, spastic colon, mucous colitis, an allergic condition, eczema, an allergic bowel disease, coeliac disease, an allergic eye condition, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, a condition involving blood platelet aggregation, coronary thrombosis, phlebitis, or phlebothrombosis, and methods of treating cardiovascular disease.

US 20120245229 describes methods of treating neuropathic pain, including pain associated with diabetic neuropathy or HIV infection, methods of treating post-operative pain, inflammatory pain, pain associated with cancer, and pain associated with fibromyalgia, by administering resolvins.

Lim et al. describes the analgesic potency of SPMs in a large number of inflammatory pain models and characterizes resolvins and related substances as therapeutic candidates for preventing deterioration of inflammation and pathologic pain. See Lim et al. “Biological Roles of Resolvins and Related Substances in the Resolution of Pain” BioMed Research International 2015, pp. 1-14, Article ID 830930. Lin also notes that “the powerful potencies” and “negligible adverse effects” of these molecules make them attractive candidates agents for clinical use.

US 20150126602 describes oils with anti-inflammatory activity containing natural specialized proresolving mediators and their precursors, such as 18HEPE and 17HDHA, and methods of using same for treating an inflammatory condition such as cardiovascular disease (including atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, endothelial hyporeactivity, cardiac infarction and cerebral stroke), metabolic syndrome (e.g., characterized by loss of insulin sensitivity, obesity, hepatic steatosis and/or cholestasis), neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis and apraxia), atopic/allergic reactions, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory pain, acne, psoriasis, rosacea, asthma, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, sepsis, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, periodontitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, macular degeneration, dry eye syndrome, gastric ulceration, cancer, and auto-inflammatory disorders.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,378,444 and 7,595,341 describe analogs of lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids and methods of use for treating inflammatory, angioproliferative, cardiovascular, thrombophlebotic, vascular, ocular, dermatologic, neurodegenerative, pulmonary, endocrine, reproductive, rheumatologic and gastrointestinal diseases.

There is a need to develop compositions able to deliver SPMs and other lipid mediators of inflammation, including their analogs and derivatives, in therapeutically effective amounts to target tissues in order to fulfill the therapeutic promise of these compounds and translate the many promising in vitro and cellular pharmacology observations into clinical benefits. The present invention addresses these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides new salt forms of specialized pro-resolving mediators (referred to herein as “SPMs”) which include lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and their aspirin-triggered counterparts. The SPM salts described here contain at least one or two SPM molecules ionically bound to at least one basic function that is provided by a scaffold as described in Formulas I-IV. For example, in compounds of Formulas I and III, the scaffold is peptide-based; in compounds of Formula IV, the scaffold is a divalent metal-amino acid chelate or divalent metal-peptide chelate; and in compounds of Formula II, the scaffold is either a dipeptide or a monovalent metal or non-metal dipeptide.

The at least one or two SPM molecules forming the anionic counterion component of the salts described here may be referred to as “the SPM component” of the compounds and compositions described herein. In embodiments, the SPM component comprises or consists of an E series resolvin. In embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from resolvin E1 (RvE1), resolvin E2 (RvE2), resolvin E3 (RvE3), and the aspirin-triggered (AT) counterparts of these resolvins, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the SPM component comprises or consists of an SPM selected from the group consisting of resolvin D1 (RvD1), resolvin D2 (RvD2), resolvin E1 (RvE1), protectin DX (PDX), and lipoxin A4 (LXA4). In embodiments, the SPM component comprises or consists of an SPM selected from an aspirin-triggered (AT) resolvin, lipoxin, or protectin. In embodiments, the AT resolvin, lipoxin, or protectin is selected from the group consisting of AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the SPM component is selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1 or LXA4. The chemical names and formulas of these SPM compounds are provided for reference infra, in Tables 1-4.

Specific, non-limiting examples of the structures of some compounds of Formulas I, III, and IV are shown in Table 5.

In embodiments, an SPM salt described here is stabilized against chemical degradation compared to the free acid form of the SPM. In embodiments, an SPM salt described here has improved bioavailability compared to the free acid form of the SPM.

The compounds described here can be readily combined, e.g., by physical admixture, with each other and with other biologically active agents to produce a solid dosage form, or dissolved in aqueous media to produce a liquid dosage form. The compounds described here are thus suitable for formulation as aqueous liquids, e.g., for parenteral forms of administration including via intravenous and intramuscular injection, in addition to their suitability for formulation as solid dosage forms, such as oral or rectal dosage forms. These and other advantages are described in more detail infra.

In embodiments, the compounds and compositions described here are useful for treating a disease or disorder characterized by excessive inflammation.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) related disease or disorder selected from ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, proctitis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, eosinophilic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, diversion colitis, chemical colitis, and ischemic colitis. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, intestinal mucositis, diverticulitis, and short bowel syndrome. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is intestinal mucositis.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is a dermatological disease or disorder selected from dermatitis, diabetic wound, eczema, pruritus, healing wound, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea. In embodiments, the dermatological disease or disorder is selected from dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, psoriasis, scleroderma, and oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is a neurological disease or disorder selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate, which may also be referred to simply as RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate, and methods for their use in treating inflammatory diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, especially of the lower gastrointestinal tract, and especially inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The term “lower gastrointestinal tract” refers to the jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum. In embodiments, the IBD is selected from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The disclosure further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate adapted for oral delivery, especially oral dosage forms adapted for targeted delivery to the lower gastrointestinal tract, preferably to the ileum, the colon, or the rectum, most preferably to the colon, which are particularly useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and more particularly in the treatment of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the oral dosage form comprises one or more features adapted to target release to the lower gastrointestinal tract, preferably to the ileum and/or colon, including for example one or more of an enteric coating, an erodible and/or degradable matrix material, a gellable or swellable polymer, a poragen, and an osmotic pump mechanism. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate are adapted for rectal delivery, for example in the form of an enema or suppository.

Dosage forms targeted to the lower gastrointestinal tract, including the jejunum, ileum, colon, and/or rectum, are particularly advantageous for treating inflammatory diseases and disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract as described herein due to the unique pharmacokinetics of RvE1 delivered in the form of bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate. As described in detail infra, the disclosure provides that RvE1 administered orally in the form of bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate is absorbed directly into the target tissues of the small intestines and colon via the intestinal and/or colonic lumen in therapeutically relevant amounts. This feature combined with an oral dosage form adapted for targeted delivery of the bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate to the lower gastrointestinal tract will maximize both the local concentration of RvE1 in the target tissues and the amount of time that the concentration of RvE1 is at or above the therapeutic threshold. This combination of targeted delivery and local absorption also avoids loss of RvE1 to non-target tissues and minimizes systemic absorption and off-target effects.

In addition, and as discussed in more detail infra, the disclosure also provides methods and related compositions for treating IBD using bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate in a combination therapy with a second IBD therapeutic agent, optionally 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA). In embodiments, the second IBD therapeutic agent may be selected from a corticosteroid, 5-ASA, and azathioprine. In embodiments, the disclosure provides bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate for use in a method of treating IBD in combination with any one or more of 5-ASA, azathioprine, and a corticosteroid.

Compounds of Formula I

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula I or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

wherein

A and B are each independently an SPM molecule;

A and B may be the same or different;

either A or B, but not both, may be absent,

R¹ and R² are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl comprising at least one basic function and is optionally branched;

X is H or CO—Z and Z is a single amino acid residue or a peptide comprising 2 to 18 amino acid residues;

when either A or B is absent:

-   -   one of R¹, R² and CO—Z is protonated; or

X is H and is positively charged; and

-   -   the one of R¹, R² and the CO—Z that is protonated or the         positively charged H forms an ionic bond with either A or B; and

when A and B are both present:

-   -   two of R¹, R² and CO—Z are protonated; or     -   one of R¹, R² and CO—Z is protonated, and X is H and is         positively charged; and     -   the two of R¹, R² and the CO—Z that are protonated or the one of         R¹, R² and the CO—Z that is protonated and the positively         charged H each respectively form an ionic bond with A and B.

Compounds of Formula I comprise a peptide component consisting of at least 2 amino acid moieties, and one or two SPM molecules (A, B) as the SPM component. In embodiments, A and B are the same or different and each is independently selected from an E series resolvin. In embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, A and B are the same and each is independently selected from the group consisting of LXA4, AT-LXA4, PDX, RvE1, AT-RvE1, RvD1, AT-RvD1, RvD2 and AT-RvD2. The SPM component is described in more detail below.

The peptide component may be from 2 to 10 or 2 to 20 amino acids in length, preferably 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acids in length. The peptide component consists of 2 amino acid residues when X is H, or is a peptide of from 3 to 5, 3 to 10, or 3 to 20 amino acid residues where X is CO—Z.

In embodiments, X is H and the peptide component consists of a dipeptide of amino acids independently selected from lysine, arginine, and glutamine, or a derivative of one or more of the foregoing. In embodiments, X is H and the peptide component consists of a dipeptide of lysine.

In embodiments, X is H and R¹ and R² are each independently selected from —(CH₂)₃—NHC(NH₂ ⁺)—NH₂, —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺, and —(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are the same. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are different.

In embodiments, A and B are the same and selected from the group consisting of RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3; R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₄—Y², Y² is NH₃ ⁺, and X is H. This selection of R¹, R², and Y² may be referred to herein as a “lysyl lysine” (which may be abbreviated herein as “lys-lys”) dipeptide. In this embodiment, the peptide component is a lysine dipeptide.

In embodiments, A and B are the same and selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1; R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₄—Y², Y² is NH₃ ⁺, and X is H. As noted above, this selection of R¹, R², and Y² may be referred to herein as a “lysyl lysine” dipeptide or a “lys-lys” dipeptide. In this embodiment, the peptide component is a lysine dipeptide.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis RvE1 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE1 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis AT-RvE1 lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis RvE2 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis RvE2 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE2 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis AT-RvE2 lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis RvE3 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis RvE3 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE3 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis AT-RvE3 lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis LXA4 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis LXA4 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis AT-LXA4 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula I is bis AT-LXA4 lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis RvD1 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvD1 lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis RvD2 1 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvD2 lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis PDX lys-lys.

Exemplary compounds of the lysyl lysine embodiment of Formula I are provided in Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4, 9, 44, 49, 54, and 59 (E series) of Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, and 39 of Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4, 9, 24, 29, 34, and 39 of Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4 and 9 of Table 5.

In embodiments, a Compound of Formula I, or a composition comprising same, is used in a method for treating a disease or disorder characterized by excessive inflammation. In embodiments, the disease or disorder is disorder is an IBD-related disease or disorder selected from ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, proctitis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, eosinophilic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, diversion colitis, chemical colitis, and ischemic colitis. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating an IBD-related disease or disorder as described above, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment, a Compound of Formula I. In embodiments of the methods, the Compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 lys-lys, a mono or bis AT-RvE1 lys-lys, a mono or bis RvE2 lys-lys, a mono or bis AT-RvE2 lys-lys, a mono or bis RvE3 lys-lys, and a mono or bis AT-RvE3 lys-lys. In embodiments of the methods, the Compound of Formula I is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 lys-lys, a mono or bis AT-RvE1 lys-lys, a mono or bis LXA4 lys-lys, and a mono or bis AT-LXA4 lys-lys.

Compounds of Formula II

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula II or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

where R¹ is H, or absent. X¹ and X² are each independently the side chain of an amino acid residue. M is a positively charged optional molecule. B is an SPM molecule.

A compound of Formula II consists of at least (i) a dipeptide component and (ii) an SPM component (B), with a positively charged optional molecule (M). The dipeptide component contains X¹ and X² which may be the same or different, and are each the side chain of an amino acid residue. In embodiments, at least one of X¹ and X² is the side chain of an amino acid residue selected from serine, threonine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine. In embodiments, where one of X¹ and X² is the side chain of an amino acid residue selected from serine, threonine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine, the remainder of X¹ or X² is the side chain of an amino acid independently selected from lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In embodiments, the remainder is the side chain of lysine. In embodiments, at least one of X¹ and X² is the side chain of glycine, valine, serine, leucine, or histidine, and the remainder is the side chain of lysine.

The positively charged optional molecule (M) has at least one basic function in protonated form which forms an ionic bond with the terminal carboxyl of the amino acid component. In embodiments, M is a monovalent metal cation, e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, or a molecule having at least one basic function, such as a monovalent amine-based cation, e.g., tri-ethanolamine, or tri-ethylamine, or a basic pharmaceutical compound such as metformin or gabapentin.

As described in more detail below, the compounds of Formula II encompass simple salts of dipeptides and an SPM (Formula IIa), simple metal salts of the dipeptides and an SPM with a monovalent metal (Formula IIb), and simple non-metal salts of the dipeptides and an SPM with a non-metal molecule having at least one basic function (Formula IIc).

In embodiments of the compound of Formula II, B is an E series resolvin. In embodiments of the compound of Formula II, B is selected from the group consisting of RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3.

In embodiments of the compound of Formula II, B is selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula II is a glycine dipeptide where R¹ is H, X¹ and X² are each H, M is absent and B is selected from the group consisting of RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula II is a glycine dipeptide where R¹ is H, X¹ and X² are each H, M is absent and B is selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a disease or disorder selected from an IBD-related disease or disorder as described above, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment, a Compound of Formula II.

Compounds of Formula III

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula III or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

wherein

R² is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl comprising at least one basic function;

A and B are each independently an SPM molecule;

A and B may be the same or different; and

either A or B, but not both, may be absent.

In embodiments, R² is the side chain of an amino acid residue selected from lysine, arginine, and glutamine. In embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of —(CH₂)₃—NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺, and —(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, R² is —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺.

In an embodiment of the compound of Formula III, A and B are the same or different and each is independently selected from an E series resolvin and R² is —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. This selection of R² may be referred to herein as a “linear lysyl lysine” (linear lys-lys) dipeptide. In this embodiment, the peptide component is a lysine dipeptide. In embodiments, A and B are the same.

In an embodiment of the compound of Formula III, A and B are the same and selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and R² is —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺. This selection of R² may be referred to herein as a “linear lysyl lysine” (linear “lys-lys”) dipeptide. In this embodiment, the peptide component is a lysine dipeptide.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 linear lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis RvE1 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE1 linear lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis AT-RvE1 linear lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis RvE2 linear lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis RvE2 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE2 linear lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis AT-RvE2 linear lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis RvE3 linear lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis RvE3 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE3 linear lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis AT-RvE3 linear lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis LXA4 linear lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis LXA4 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis AT-LXA4 lys-lys. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula III is bis AT-LXA4 linear lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis RvD1 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvD1 linear lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis RvD2 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvD2 linear lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis PDX linear lys-lys.

Exemplary compounds of Formula III are provided in Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 5, 10, 45, 50, 55, and 60 (E series) of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 5 and 10 (RvE1 and AT-RvE1 embodiments) of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 15 and 20 (LXA4 and AT-LXA4 embodiments) of Table 5.

In embodiments, a Compound of Formula III, or a composition comprising same, is used in a method for treating a disease or disorder characterized by excessive inflammation. In embodiments, the disease or disorder is disorder is an IBD-related disease or disorder selected from ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, proctitis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, eosinophilic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, diversion colitis, chemical colitis, and ischemic colitis. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating an IBD-related disease or disorder as described above, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment, a Compound of Formula III. In embodiments of the methods, the Compound of Formula III is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 linear lys-lys, a mono or bis AT-RvE1 linear lys-lys, a mono or bis RvE2 linear lys-lys, a mono or bis AT-RvE2 linear lys-lys, a mono or bis RvE3 linear lys-lys, and a mono or bis AT-RvE3 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, the Compound of Formula III for use in the method is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 linear lys-lys, a mono or bis At-RvE1 linear lys-lys, a mono or bis LXA4 linear lys-lys, and a mono or bis AT-LXA4 linear lys-lys.

Compounds of Formula IV

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula IV or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

wherein

M is a divalent metal;

A and B are each independently an SPM anion;

A and B may be the same or different;

either A or B, but not both, may be absent;

R¹ and R² are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl comprising at least one basic function;

X¹ and X² are each independently H or CO—Z and Z is a peptide comprising 1 to 5 amino acids or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

when either A or B is absent:

-   -   one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's is protonated; or     -   one of the two H's is positively charged; and     -   the one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's that is protonated or the         one of the positively charged H's forms an ionic bond with         either A or B; and

when A and B are both present:

-   -   two of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's are protonated; or     -   one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's is protonated, and one of the         two H's is positively charged; and     -   the two of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's that are protonated or the         one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's that is protonated and the         positively charged H each respectively form an ionic bond with A         and B.

Compounds of Formula IV have two amino acid moieties coordinated around a divalent metal cation as the amino acid component and one or two SPM molecules as the SPM component. In embodiments, the divalent metal is Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mo²⁺ or Zn²⁺. In embodiments, the divalent metal is Mg²⁺. In embodiments, the divalent metal is Ca²⁺. In embodiments, the divalent metal is Zn²⁺. In embodiments, the amino acid component includes or consists of lysine or arginine. In embodiments, the amino acid component includes lysine or arginine. In embodiments, the basic function of R¹ and R² is selected from a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, and a guanidine. In embodiments, basic function refers to —NH₃, —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)—NH₂, —NHR⁶R⁷, or —NR⁶R⁷R⁸, wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁶ and R⁷ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, the basic function is a hydrogen bond acceptor. In embodiments, the basic function is a hydrogen bond donor. In embodiments, the basic function is a positively charged amine.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are each the side chain of an amino acid residue having a basic function. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are the same and the amino acid residue is lysine or arginine.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are independently selected from —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and —(CH₂)₄—Y², where Y¹ and Y² are each a basic function which may be the same or different. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂CH₂NH₃. In embodiments, R² is —CH₂CH₂NH₃. In embodiments, R¹ is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₃. In embodiments, R² is —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₃.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₄—Y², and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and Y¹ is —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, Y¹ is —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, R² is —(CH₂)₄—Y², and Y² is NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄—Y², Y² is NH₃ ⁺, R² is —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and Y¹ is NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂.

In embodiments, X¹ and X² are the same and are hydrogen (H).

In embodiments, the SPM molecule of A and B is as described infra.

In an embodiment of the compound of Formula IV, A and B are the same or different and each is independently selected from an E series resolvin. In embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, M is Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Zn²⁺, R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is NH₃ ⁺; and X¹ and X² are H. This selection of R¹, R², and Y² may be referred to herein as the metal “di-lysinate”, e.g., “magnesium di-lysinate” or “Mg-di-lysinate”. In Table 5, the metal di-lysinate name is abbreviated “SPM-Mlys” where “M” is the metal, e.g., Mg, Ca, or Zn. In this embodiment, the peptide component consists of a lysine dipeptide. In embodiments, A and B are the same.

In an embodiment of the compound of Formula IV, A and B are the same and selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1; M is Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, or Zn²⁺, R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is NH₃ ⁺; and X¹ and X² are H. This selection of R¹, R², and Y² may be referred to herein as the metal “di-lysinate”, e.g., “magnesium di-lysinate” or “Mg-di-lysinate”. In this embodiment, the peptide component consists of a lysine dipeptide.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis AT-RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis RvE2 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis RvE2 Mg-di-lysinate. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE2 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis AT-RvE2 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis RvE3 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis RvE3 Mg-di-lysinate. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvE3 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis AT-RvE3 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis AT-LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate. In an embodiment, the compound of Formula IV is bis AT-LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis RvD1 Mg-di-lysinate. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvD1 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis RvD2 Mg-di-lysinate. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis AT-RvD2 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis PDX Mg-di-lysinate.

Exemplary compounds of Formula IV are provided in Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-3, 6-8, 41-43, 46-48, 51-53, and 56-58 (E series) of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-3, 6-8, 11-13, 16-18, 21-23, 26-28, 31-33, and 36-38 of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-3 and 6-8 of Table 5 (RvE1 and AT-RvE1 embodiments). In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 11-13 and 16-18 of Table 5 (LXA4 and AT-LXA4 embodiments). In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 21-23 and 26-28 of Table 5 (RvD1 and AT-RvD1 embodiments).

In embodiments, a Compound of Formula IV, or a composition comprising same, is used in a method for treating a disease or disorder characterized by excessive inflammation. In embodiments, the disease or disorder is disorder is an IBD-related disease or disorder selected from ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, proctitis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, eosinophilic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, diversion colitis, chemical colitis, and ischemic colitis. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a disease or disorder selected from an IBD-related disease or disorder as described above, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment, a Compound of Formula IV. In embodiments of the methods, the Compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, a mono or bis AT-RvE1 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, a mono or bis RvE2 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, a mono or bis AT-RvE2 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, a mono or bis RvE3 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, and a mono or bis AT-RvE3 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate. In embodiments, the Compound of Formula IV is selected from a mono or bis RvE1 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, a mono or bis AT-RvE1 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, a mono or bis LXA4 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate, and a mono or bis AT-LXA4 Mg, Ca, or Zn di-lysinate. In embodiments, the di-lysinate is a magnesium di-lysinate.

The SPM Component

As discussed above, the compounds represented by Formulas I-IV each contain at least one or two SPM molecules, which may be referred to herein as the “SPM component” of the compound, and a scaffold portion to which the SPM component is ionically bound. The terms “mono” and “bis” refer to one (mono) or two (bis) SPM molecules in the salt compound.

The term “SPM” refers to SPMs such as protectins and resolvins as well as to lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipid mediators (e.g., aspirin-triggered lipoxins and protectins), as described in more detail infra. Examples of particular SPM molecules that may form the SPM component of the compounds described here, as well as their precursor molecules, are given in Tables 1-4 infra. It is understood that the neutral compounds described in these tables may become charged (i.e., deprotonated) if solvated at the appropriate pH.

In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound described here comprises or consists of one or two SPM molecules selected from mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) (Table 1), mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (Table 2); mediators derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Table 3); and aspirin-triggered mediators (Table 4). In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound described here comprises or consists of two SPM molecules selected from Tables 1-4. In embodiments, the two SPM molecules are the same or different. In embodiments, the two SPM molecules are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the two SPM molecules are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound described here consists of one or two SPM molecules selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound described here consists of one or two SPM molecules selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the SPM component is selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the SPM component is selected from RvE1, AT-RvE1, LXA4, and AT-LXA4.

The present disclosure also provides compositions including a single compound described herein, or compositions comprising mixtures of two or more different compounds described herein. In embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition and the carrier is acceptable for administration to humans or animals.

In embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a solid oral dosage form, a dosage form suitable for rectal administration, or a parenteral dosage form. In embodiments, the dosage form suitable for rectal administration is an ointment, suppository, or enema. In embodiments, the parenteral dosage form is suitable for intravenous, intra-arterial, or intramuscular administration, e.g., via injection of an aqueous liquid.

The present disclosure also provides methods of use for the compounds described here, and for the compositions comprising same. In embodiments, a compound described here, or a composition comprising same, is useful for treating a disease or disorder in which resolution of inflammation provides a beneficial effect, such as those characterized by chronic or excessive inflammation. For example, the compounds and compositions described here are useful in treating gastrointestinal diseases and disorders, pulmonary diseases and disorders, arthritic diseases and disorders, cardiovascular diseases and disorders, metabolic diseases and disorders, infectious diseases and disorders, and neurological diseases and disorders.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of treating a gastrointestinal disease or disorder by administering to a subject in need of such treatment a Compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV, wherein the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is selected from those described infra in the section entitled “Pharmaceutical Uses”. In embodiments of the methods, the compound is a Compound of Formula I having a lysyl-lysine dipeptide component and an SPM component selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments of the methods, the compound is a Compound of Formula I having a lysyl-lysine dipeptide component and an SPM component selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the SPM component is selected from RvE1, AT-RvE1, LXA4, and AT-LXA4. In embodiments of the methods, the compound is a Compound of Formula IV having a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate peptide component and an SPM component selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments of the methods, the compound is a Compound of Formula IV having a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate peptide component and an SPM component selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the SPM component is selected from RvE1, AT-RvE1, LXA4, and AT-LXA4. The SPM component may be mono or bis, but is preferably bis.

The present disclosure also provides a package or kit comprising a unit dosage form of a compound described herein, or a composition comprising same, at least one container for holding the unit dosage forms, and instructions for use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A,B Chemical Stability of RvE1. A, HPLC trace of RvE1 free acid at time zero. B, HPLC trace of RvE1 at 8-weeks.

FIG. 2A,B: Chemical Stability of RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate. A, HPLC trace of RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate at time zero. B, HPLC trace of RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate at 8 weeks.

FIG. 3A,B: Chemical Stability of RvE1 Ca-di-lysinate. A, HPLC trace of RvE1 Ca-di-lysinate at time zero. B, HPLC trace of RvE1 Ca-di-lysinate at 6 weeks.

FIG. 4A,B: Chemical Stability of RvE1 lysyl lysine. A, HPLC trace of RvE1 lysyl lysine at time zero. B, HPLC trace of RvE1 lysyl lysine at 8-weeks.

FIG. 5: RvE1 exposure based on pharmacokinetic curves for all tissue compartments for an exemplary study for investigating RvE1 exposure in blood plasma, small intestine tissue, and colon tissue.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides new salt forms of specialized pro-resolving mediators (referred to herein as “SPMs”) which include lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and their aspirin-triggered counterparts, as described in more detail infra. The compounds described here advantageously provide SPM molecules in a pharmacologically useful form due at least in part to their increased physical and/or chemical stability.

The compounds described here contain at least one or two SPM molecules ionically bound to at least one basic function that is provided by a scaffold as described in Formulas I-IV below. In general, the carboxylic acid moiety of the SPM molecule or molecules forming the SPM component of the compounds described here is deprotonated to form an ionic bond with a basic function (or functions) of the scaffold portion of the compound.

The compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts. For example, in instances where a substituents such as —NH₃ are shown without a charge, it is understood to possess a formal charge, i.e. NH₃ ⁺.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include mono-, di- and multivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C₁-C₁₀ means one to ten carbons).

The term “basic function” refers to a positively charged or protonated primary amine, a positively charged secondary amine, a positively charged tertiary amine, or a positively charged guanidine. In embodiments, basic function refers to —NH₃ ⁺, —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —NHR⁶R⁷, —NR⁶R⁷R⁸, wherein R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, —CN, —COOH,

—CONH₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁶ and R⁷ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, the basic function is a hydrogen bond acceptor. In embodiments, the basic function is a positively charged amine.

It is understood that due to resonance a charge may be distributed across the molecule. The chemical structures and formulae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts, and as such one of skill in the art would recognize the equivalency of the moieties possessing resonance structures. For example, —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂ refers to

In embodiments, the “side chain of an amino acid” or “side chain” or “side-chain” as used herein is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and refers to the functional substituent contained on naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code (e.g. alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, or valine), as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. In embodiments, the side chain of an amino acid is ionized (e.g., it has a formal charge).

In embodiments, the side chain is selected from the group consisting of H,

In embodiments, the side chain is H. In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain may optionally be joined to an adjacent nitrogen to form a unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl (e.g., pyyrolidinyl).

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

In embodiments, the side chain is

The side chain of glycine is H. The side chain of arginine is

The side chain of arginine is

The side chain of histidine is

The side chain of lysine is

The side chain of aspartic acid is

The side chain of glutamic acid is

The side chain of serine is

The side chain of threonine is

The side chain of asparagine is

The side chain of glutamine is

The side chain of cysteine is

The side chain of proline is

The side chain of alanine is

The side chain of valine is

The side chain of isoleucine is

The side chain of leucine is

The side chain of methionine is

The side chain of phenylalanine is

The side chain of tyrosine is

The side chain of tryptophan is

The term “non-natural amino acid side-chain” refers to the functional substituent of compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an a carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium, allylalanine, 2-aminoisobutryric acid. Non-natural amino acids are non-proteinogenic amino acids that either occur naturally or are chemically synthesized. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Non-limiting examples include exo-cis-3-Aminobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride, cis-2-Aminocycloheptanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride,cis-6-Amino-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride, cis-2-Amino-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride, cis-2-Amino-2-methylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride, 2-(Boc-aminomethyl)benzoic acid, 2-(Boc-amino)octanedioic acid, Boc-4,5-dehydro-Leu-OH (dicyclohexylammonium), Boc-4-(Fmoc-amino)-L-phenylalanine, Boc-β-Homopyr-OH, Boc-(2-indanyl)-Gly-OH, 4-Boc-3-morpholineacetic acid, 4-Boc-3-morpholineacetic acid, Boc-pentafluoro-D-phenylalanine, Boc-pentafluoro-L-phenylalanine, Boc-Phe(2-Br)—OH, Boc-Phe(4-Br)—OH, Boc-D-Phe(4-Br)—OH, Boc-D-Phe(3-Cl)—OH, Boc-Phe(4-NH2)-OH, Boc-Phe(3-NO2)-OH, Boc-Phe(3,5-F2)-OH, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acetic acid purum, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid purum, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)acetic acid purum, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid purum, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid purum, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-phenylacetic acid purum, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-(3-pyridyl)acetic acid purum, 2-(4-Boc-piperazino)-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetic acid purum, Boc-β-(2-quinolyl)-Ala-OH, N-Boc-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, Boc-β-(4-thiazolyl)-Ala-OH, Boc-β-(2-thienyl)-D-Ala-OH, Fmoc-N-(4-Boc-aminobutyl)-Gly-OH, Fmoc-N-(2-Boc-aminoethyl)-Gly-OH, Fmoc-N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-Gly-OH, Fmoc-(2-indanyl)-Gly-OH, Fmoc-pentafluoro-L-phenylalanine, Fmoc-Pen(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Phe(2-Br)—OH, Fmoc-Phe(4-Br)—OH, Fmoc-Phe(3,5-F2)—OH, Fmoc-β-(4-thiazolyl)-Ala-OH, Fmoc-β-(2-thienyl)-Ala-OH, 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-D-phenylalanine.

Formula I Compounds

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula I, including enantiomers, polymorphs, solvates, and hydrates thereof:

wherein

A and B are each independently an SPM molecule;

A and B may be the same or different;

either A or B, but not both, may be absent,

R¹ and R² are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl comprising at least one basic function;

X is H or CO—Z and Z is a single amino acid residue or a peptide comprising 2 to 18 amino acid residues;

when either A or B is absent:

-   -   one of R¹, R² and CO—Z is protonated; or

H is positively charged; and

-   -   the one of R¹, R² and the CO—Z that is protonated or the         positively charged H forms an ionic bond with either A or B; and

when A and B are both present:

-   -   two of R¹, R² and CO—Z are protonated; or     -   one of R¹, R² and CO—Z is protonated, and H is positively         charged; and     -   the two of R¹, R² and the CO—Z that are protonated or the one of         R¹, R² and the CO—Z that is protonated and the positively         charged H each respectively form an ionic bond with A and B.

Compounds of Formula I comprise a peptide component consisting of at least 2 amino acid moieties, and one or two SPM molecules (A, B) as the SPM component. The SPM component is described in more detail below. In embodiments, the SPM component comprises or consists of an SPM selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the SPM component comprises or consists of an SPM selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, and LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component comprises or consists of an SPM selected from an aspirin-triggered (AT) resolvin, lipoxin, or protectin. In embodiments, the AT resolvin, lipoxin, or protectin is selected from the group consisting of AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the AT resolvin, lipoxin, or protectin is selected from the group consisting of AT-RvE1, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1 and AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1, AT-RvE1, LXA4, or AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1 or LXA4.

The peptide component may be from 2 to 10 or 2 to 20 amino acids in length, preferably 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acids in length. The peptide component consists of 2 amino acid residues when X is H, or is a peptide of from 3 to 5, 3 to 10, or 3 to 20 amino acid residues where X is CO—Z.

Each amino acid moiety of the peptide component may, independently, comprise or consist of a single natural or non-naturally occurring amino acid residue. In embodiments, the amino acid residues are independently selected from a residue of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, cysteine, threonine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, and glutamine.

R¹ and R² are each independently unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl including at least one basic function. In embodiments, the basic function is the side chain of an amino acid moiety. In embodiments, the amino acid moiety is selected from lysine, arginine, and glutamine. In embodiments, the basic function is selected from the group consisting of a positively charged primary amine, a positively charged secondary amine, a positively charged tertiary amine, and a positively charged guanidine.

In embodiments, basic function refers to —NH₃, —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —NHR⁶R⁷, or —NR⁶R⁷R⁸, wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁶ and R⁷ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, the basic function is a positively charged amine. In embodiments, the basic function is a primary amine. In embodiments, the basic function is —NH₃ ⁺.

In embodiments, X is H and the peptide component consists of a dipeptide of amino acids independently selected from lysine, arginine, and glutamine, or a derivative of one or more of the foregoing.

In embodiments, X is CO—Z, and Z is either a single amino acid residue or a peptide of from 2 to 10 or 2 to 5 amino acid residues, and the peptide component comprises at least one or two amino acids independently selected from lysine, arginine, and glutamine.

In embodiments, X is H and R¹ and R² are each independently selected from —(CH₂)₃—NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺, and —(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are the same. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are different.

In embodiments, X is CO—Z, and Z is either a single amino acid residue or a peptide of from 2 to 10 or 2 to 5 amino acid residues, and R¹ and R² are each independently selected from —(CH₂)₃—NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺, and —(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are the same. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are different.

In embodiments, —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂ is

In embodiments, either A or B is absent. Where either A or B is absent, the compound may be referred to as “mono” salt. In embodiments, A and B are both present. Where A and B are both present, the compound may be referred to as a “bis” salt. In one embodiment, A and B are each an SPM, and A and B are the same or different.

In embodiments, A and B are the same or different and each is independently selected from an E series resolvin. In embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, A and B are the same and selected from the group consisting of lipoxin A4, protectin DX, resolvin E1, resolvin D2, and aspirin triggered resolvin D1.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a mono or bis SPM lysyl-lysine (lys-lys) compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 lys-lys, RvE2 lys-lys, RvE3 lys-lys, AT-RvE1 lys-lys, AT-RvE2 lys-lys, and AT-RvE3 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a mono or bis SPM lysyl-lysine (lys-lys) compound selected from the group consisting of LXA4 lys-lys, AT-LXA4 lys-lys, RvD1 lys-lys, AT-RvD1 lys-lys, RvE1 lys-lys, AT-RvE1 lys-lys, PDX lys-lys, RvD2 lys-lys and AT-RvD2 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a mono or bis SPM lys-lys compound selected from the group consisting of AT-RvD1 lys-lys, AT-RvD2 lys-lys, and AT-LXA4 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from mono or bis RvE1 lys-lys and mono or bis AT-RvE1 lys-lys. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I selected from mono or bis LXA4 lys-lys and mono or bis AT-LXA4 lys-lys.

Exemplary compounds of the lysyl-lysine embodiment of Formula I are provided in Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4, 9, 44, 49, 54, and 59 (E series) of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, and 39 of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4, 9, 24, 29, 34, and 39 of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 4 and 9 (RvE1 and AT-RvE1 embodiments). In embodiments, a compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 14 and 19 (LXA4 and AT-LXA4 embodiments).

In embodiments, a compound of Formula I is a lysyl-glutamine compound selected from the group consisting of Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis RvE1, Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis RvE2, Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis RvE3, Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis AT-RvE1, Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis AT-RvE2, and Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis AT-RvE3. In embodiments, a compound of Formula I is a lysyl-glutamine compound selected from the group consisting of Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis lipoxin A4 (LXA4), Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis aspirin triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1), Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis resolvin E1 (RvE1), Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis protectin DX (PDX), and Lysyl-glutamine mono or bis resolvin D2 (RvD2).

Formula II Compounds

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula II or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

wherein R¹ is H, or absent, X¹ and X² are each independently the side chain of an amino acid residue, M is a positively charged optional molecule, and B is an SPM molecule.

In embodiments, R¹ is H and X¹ and X² are the side chain of glycine.

In embodiments, R¹ is H and X¹ is the side chain of lysine, and X² is selected from the side chain of valine, the side chain of serine, the side chain of leucine, the side chain of histidine

A compound of Formula II consists of at least (i) a dipeptide component and (ii) an SPM component (B), with a positively charged optional molecule (M). The dipeptide component contains X¹ and X² which may be the same or different, and are each the side chain of an amino acid residue. In embodiments, at least one of X¹ and X² is the side chain of an amino acid residue selected from serine, threonine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine. In embodiments, where one of X¹ and X² is the side chain of an amino acid residue selected from serine, threonine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine, the remainder of X¹ or X² is the side chain of an amino acid independently selected from lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. In embodiments, the remainder is the side chain of lysine. In embodiments, at least one of X¹ and X² is the side chain of glycine, valine, serine, leucine, or histidine, and the remainder is the side chain of lysine.

In embodiments, the SPM component (B) comprises or consists of an E series resolvin. In embodiments of the compound of Formula II, B is selected from the group consisting of RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the SPM component (B) comprises or consists of an SPM selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, and LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component comprises or consists of an SPM selected from an aspirin-triggered (AT) resolvin, lipoxin, or protectin. In embodiments, the AT resolvin, lipoxin, or protectin is selected from the group consisting of AT-RvE1, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, and AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1, AT-RvE1, LXA4, or AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1 or LXA4.

The positively charged optional molecule (M) has at least one basic function which forms an ionic bond with the terminal carboxyl of the amino acid component. In embodiments, M is a monovalent metal cation, e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, or a molecule having at least one basic function, such as a monovalent amine-based cation, e.g., tri-ethanolamine, or tri-ethylamine, or a basic pharmaceutical compound such as metformin or gabapentin.

As described in more detail below, the compounds of Formula II encompass simple salts of dipeptides and an SPM (Formula IIa), simple metal salts of the dipeptides and an SPM with a monovalent metal (Formula IIb), and simple non-metal salts of the dipeptides and an SPM with a non-metal molecule having at least one basic function (Formula IIc).

The following non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula IIa, IIb, and IIc is provided to illustrate the nature of the compounds described and is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular compounds depicted below. For any of the following embodiments, A and B are as described above and infra.

Formula IIa Examples

Gly-Gly-SPM which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is H,

X¹ and X² are each H, and

M is absent:

Lys-Lys-SPM which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is H,

X¹ and X² are each side chain of lysine (butylamine), and

M is absent.

Lys-Val-SPM which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is each H,

X¹ is the side chain of lysine (butylamine),

X² is the side chain of valine (isopropyl), and

M is absent:

Lys-Ser-SPM which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is H,

X¹ is the side chain of lysine (butylamine),

X² is the side chain of serine, and

M is absent:

Lys-Gly-SPM which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is H,

X¹ is the side chain of lysine (butylamine),

X² is the side chain of glycine, and

M is absent:

Lys-Leu-SPM which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is H,

X¹ is the side chain of lysine (butylamine),

X² is the side chain of leucine (isobutyl), and

M is absent:

Lys-His-SPM which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is H,

X¹ is the side chain of lysine (butylamine),

X² is the side chain of histidine (imidazole);

M is absent:

Illustrative structures for three embodiments of Formula IIa, where the dipeptide is Gly-Gly and the SPM is either LXA4, PDX, or AT-RvD1, are shown below:

Formula IIb Examples

In embodiments, M is a monovalent metal cation such as Na⁺ or K⁺ (Formula IIb). Non-limiting examples of Formula IIb compounds include the following: Na⁺-Gly-Gly-SPM which is a compound of Formula IIb wherein

R¹ is absent,

X¹ and X² are each H, and;

M is Na:

Illustrative structures for three embodiments of Formula IIb, where the SPM is either AT-RvD1, LXA4, or PDX, and M is a sodium cation, are shown below:

Formula IIc Examples

In embodiments, M is a non-metal molecule having at least one basic function, such as a monovalent amine-based cation, e.g., tri-ethanolamine, or tri-ethylamine or a basic pharmaceutical compound such as metformin or gabapentin. Non-limiting examples of Formula IIc compounds include the following:

Triethanolamine -Gly-Gly-SPM, which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is absent,

X¹ and X² are each H, and

M is trienthanolamine:

Metformin -Gly-Gly-SPM, which is a compound of Formula II wherein

R¹ is absent,

X¹ and X² are each H, and

M is metformin:

Formula III Compounds

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula III or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

wherein

R² is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl comprising at least one basic function;

A and B are each independently an SPM molecule;

A and B may be the same or different; and

either A or B, but not both, may be absent.

In embodiments, R² is the side chain of an amino acid residue selected from lysine, arginine, and glutamine. In embodiments, R² is the side chain of lysine. In embodiments, R² is selected from the group consisting of —(CH₂)₃—NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺, and —(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, R² is —(CH₂)₄—NH₃ ⁺.

In embodiments, the basic function of R² is selected from the group consisting of a positively charged primary amine, a positively charged secondary amine, a positively charged tertiary amine, and a positively charged guanidine.

In embodiments, the basic function of R² refers to —NH₃, —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —NHR⁶R⁷, or —NR⁶R⁷R⁸, wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁶ and R⁷ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, the basic function is a positively charged amine. In embodiments, the basic function is a primary amine. In embodiments, the basic function is —NH₃ ⁺.

In embodiments, R² is the side chain of lysine, A and B are the same molecule and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from the group consisting of RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, R² is the side chain of lysine, A and B are the same molecule and are selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-PD1, AT-RvE1, and AT-LXA4.

In embodiments, the SPM component (A, B) comprises or consists of an SPM selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from the group consisting of RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the SPM component (A, B) comprises or consists of an SPM selected from the group consisting of RvD1, AT-RvD1, RvD2, AT-RvD2, RvE1, AT-RvE1, PDX, AT-PD1, LXA4 and AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1, AT-RvE1, LXA4, or AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1 or LXA4.

In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is a mono or bis SPM linear lysyl-lysine (linear lys-lys) compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 linear lys-lys, RvE2 linear lys-lys, RvE3 linear lys-lys, AT-RvE1 linear lys-lys, AT-RvE2 linear lys-lys, and AT-RvE3 linear lys-lys.

In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is a mono or bis SPM linear lysyl-lysine compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 linear lys-lys, AT-RvE1 linear lys-lys, LXA4 linear lys-lys, AT-LXA4 linear lys-lys, RvD1 linear lys-lys, AT-RvD1 linear lys-lys, PDX linear lys-lys, and RvD2 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is a mono or bis SPM lysyl-lysine compound selected from the group consisting of AT-RvD1 linear lys-lys, AT-RvD2 linear lys-lys, and AT-LXA4 linear lys-lys. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is a mono or bis SPM lysyl-lysine compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 linear lys-lys, AT-RvE1 linear lys-lys, LXA4 linear lys-lys and AT-LXA4 linear lys-lys.

Exemplary compounds of Formula III are provided in Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 5, 10, 45, 50, 55, and 60 (E series) of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 5 and 10 (RvE1 and AT-RvE1 embodiments) of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula III is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 15 and 20 (LXA4 and AT-LXA4 embodiments) of Table 5.

Formula IV Compounds

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula IV or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof:

wherein

M is a divalent metal;

A and B are each independently an SPM molecule;

A and B may be the same or different;

either A or B, but not both, may be absent;

R¹ and R² are each independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl comprising at least one basic function;

X¹ and X² are each independently H or CO—Z and Z is a peptide comprising 1 to 5 amino acids or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

when either A or B is absent:

-   -   one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's is protonated; or     -   one of the two H's is positively charged; and     -   the one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's that is protonated or the         one of the positively charged H's forms an ionic bond with         either A or B; and

when A and B are both present:

-   -   two of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's are protonated; or     -   one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's is protonated, and one of the         two H's is positively charged; and     -   the two of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's that are protonated or the         one of R¹, R² and the two CO—Z's that is protonated and the         positively charged H each respectively form an ionic bond with A         and B.

Compounds of Formula IV have two amino acid moieties coordinated around a divalent metal cation as the amino acid component and one or two SPM molecules as the SPM component. In embodiments, the divalent metal cation is Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mo²⁺ or Zn²⁺. In embodiments, the divalent metal cation is Mg²⁺. In embodiments, the divalent metal cation is Ca²⁺. In embodiments, the divalent metal cation is Zn²⁺.

In embodiments, the amino acid component includes or consists of lysine or arginine. In embodiments, the amino acid component includes lysine or arginine. In embodiments, the basic function of R¹ and R² is selected from a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, and a guanidine. In embodiments, basic function refers to —NH₃, —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, —NHR⁶R⁷, or —NR⁶R⁷R⁸, wherein R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, —CN, —COOH, —CONH₂, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R⁶ and R⁷ substituents bonded to the same nitrogen atom may optionally be joined to form a unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments, the basic function is a hydrogen bond acceptor. In embodiments, the basic function is a hydrogen bond donor. In embodiments, the basic function is a positively charged amine.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are each the side chain of an amino acid residue having a basic function. In embodiments, R¹ and R² are the same and the amino acid residue is lysine or arginine.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are independently selected from —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and —(CH₂)₄—Y², where Y¹ and Y² are each a basic function which may be the same or different.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₄—Y², and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺.

In embodiments, R¹ and R² are both —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and Y¹ is —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂.

In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, Y¹ is —NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂, Y² is —(CH₂)₄—Y², and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺. In embodiments, R¹ is —(CH₂)₄—Y², Y² is —NH₃ ⁺, R² is —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and Y¹ is NHC(NH₂ ⁺)NH₂.

In embodiments, X¹ and X² are the same and are hydrogen (H). In embodiments, X¹ is hydrogen. In embodiments, X² is hydrogen.

In embodiments, the SPM component (A,B) comprises or consists of an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3.

In embodiments, the SPM component (A,B) comprises or consists of an SPM selected from the group consisting of RvD1, AT-RvD1, RvD2, AT-RvD2, RvE1, AT-RvE1, PDX, AT-PD1, LXA4 and AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1, AT-RvE1, LXA4, or AT-LXA4. In embodiments, the SPM component consists of RvE1 or LXA4.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate (M-lys-lys, or M-di-lysinate) compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 M-lys-lys, RvE2 M-lys-lys, RvE3 M-lys-lys, AT-RvE1 M-lys-lys, AT-RvE2 M-lys-lys, and AT-RvE3 M-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate (M-lys-lys, or M-di-lysinate) compound selected from the group consisting of RvD1 M-lys-lys, AT-RvD1 M-lys-lys, RvD2 M-lys-lys, AT-RvD2 M-lys-lys, RvE1 M-lys-lys, AT-RvE1 M-lys-lys, PDX M-lys-lys, LXA4 M-lys-lys, and AT-LXA4 M-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM Mg-di-lysinate compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 Mg-lys-lys, RvE2 Mg-lys-lys, RvE3 Mg-lys-lys, AT-RvE1 Mg-lys-lys, AT-RvE2 Mg-lys-lys, and AT-RvE3 Mg-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM Ca-di-lysinate compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 Ca-lys-lys, RvE2 Ca-lys-lys, RvE3 Ca-lys-lys, AT-RvE1 Ca-lys-lys, AT-RvE2 Ca-lys-lys, and AT-RvE3 Ca-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM Zn-di-lysinate compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 Zn-lys-lys, RvE2 Zn-lys-lys, RvE3 Zn-lys-lys, AT-RvE1 Zn-lys-lys, AT-RvE2 Zn-lys-lys, and AT-RvE3 Zn-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM Mg-di-lysinate compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 Mg-lys-lys, AT-RvD1 Mg-lys-lys, RvD2 Mg-lys-lys, PDX Mg-lys-lys, and LXA4 Mg-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis RvE1 Mg-lys-lys or a mono or bis AT-RvE1 Mg-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis LXA4 Mg-lys-lys or a mono or bis AT-LXA4 Mg-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM Ca-di-lysinate compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 Ca-lys-lys, AT-RvE1 Ca-lys-lys, LXA4 Ca-lys-lys and AT-LXA4 Ca-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis RvE1 Ca lys-lys or a mono or bis AT-RvE1 Ca lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis LXA4 Ca-lys-lys or a mono or bis AT-LXA4 Ca-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis SPM Zn-di-lysinate compound selected from the group consisting of RvE1 Zn-lys-lys, AT-RvE1 Zn-lys-lys, LXA4 Zn-lys-lys and AT-LXA4 Zn-lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis RvE1 Zn lys-lys or a mono or bis AT-RvE1 Zn lys-lys.

In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is a mono or bis LXA4 Zn-lys-lys or a mono or bis AT-LXA4 Zn-lys-lys.

Exemplary compounds of Formula IV are provided in Table 5. In embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-3, 6-8, 41-43, 46-48, 51-53, and 56-58 (E series) of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-3, 6-8, 11-13, 16-18, 21-23, 26-28, 31-33, and 36-38 of Table 5. In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-3 and 6-8 of Table 5 (RvE1 and AT-RvE1 embodiments). In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 11-13 and 16-18 of Table 5 (LXA4 and AT-LXA4 embodiments). In embodiments, a compound of Formula IV is selected from the group consisting of Compounds 21-23 and 26-28 of Table 5 (RvD1 and AT-RvD1 embodiments).

The SPM Component

As used herein, the term “SPM” is used to refer to SPMs such as protectins and resolvins, as well as lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipid mediators (e.g., aspirin-triggered lipoxins and protectins). These molecules are described, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,441,951 and 8,119,691 (lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins), U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,396 (aspirin-triggered lipid mediators), US 2006-0293288 (resolvins), U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,378,444 and 7,595,341 (analogs of lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids).

Some specific examples of SPM molecules that may used to form the SPM component of the compounds and compositions described here include mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) (Table 1), mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (Table 2); mediators derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Table 3); and aspirin-triggered mediators (Table 4).

In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound or composition described here is selected from an arachidonic acid (AA) derived lipid mediator. In embodiments, the AA derived lipid mediator is selected from lipoxin A4 or lipoxin B4.

In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound or composition described here is selected from an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derived lipid mediator. In embodiments, the EPA derived lipid mediator is selected from lipoxin A5, lipoxin B5, resolvin E1, resolvin E2, and resolvin E3.

In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound or composition described here is selected from a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived lipid mediator. In embodiments, the DHA derived lipid mediator is selected from resolvin D1, resolvin D2, resolvin D3, resolvin D4, resolvin D5, resolvin D6, protectin D1, and protectin DX.

In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound or composition described here is selected from an aspirin-triggered lipid mediator. In embodiments, the aspirin-triggered lipid mediator is selected from 15-epi-lipoxin A4, 15-epi-lipoxin B4, aspirin-triggered resolvin D1, aspirin-triggered resolvin D2, aspirin-triggered resolvin D3, aspirin-triggered resolvin D4, aspirin-triggered resolvin D5, aspirin-triggered resolvin D6, and aspirin-triggered protectin D1. In embodiments, the aspirin-triggered lipid mediator is selected from AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3.

In embodiments, the SPM component of a compound or composition described here is selected from a compound set forth in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, or Table 4.

TABLE 1 Arachidonic Acid (AA) and Mediators Derived from AA Name Abbrev Formula Chemical Name Arachidonic acid AA C₂₀H₃₂O₂ 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-Eicosatetraenoic acid Lipoxin A4 LXA4 C₂₀H₃₂O₅ 5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E- eicosatetraenoic acid Lipoxin B4 LXB4 C₂₀H₃₂O₅ 5S,14R,15S-trihydroxy-6E,8Z,10E,12E- eicosatetraenoic acid

TABLE 2 EPA and Mediators Derived from EPA Name Abbrev Formula Chemical Name Lipoxin A5 LXA5 C₂₀H₃₀O₅ 5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E,17Z- eicosapentaenoic acid Lipoxin B5 LXB5 C₂₀H₃₀O₅ 5S,14R,15S-trihydroxy-6E,8Z,10E,12E,17Z- eicosapentaenoic acid Resolvin E1 RvE₁ C₂₀H₃₀O₅ 5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E- eicosapentaenoic acid Resolvin E2 RvE₂ C₂₀H₃₀O₄ 5S,18R-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E- eicosapentaenoic acid Resolvin E3 RvE₃ C₂₀H₃₀O₄ 17R,18R-dihydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15E- eicosapentaenoic acid

TABLE 3 DHA and Mediators Derived from DHA Name Abbrev Formula Chemical Name Resolvin D1 RvD1 C₂₂H₃₂O₅ 7S,8R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z- docosahexaenoic acid Resolvin D2 RvD2 C₂₂H₃₂O₅ 7S,16R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z- docosahexaenoic acid Resolvin D3 RvD3 C₂₂H₃₂O₅ 4S,11R,17S-trihydroxy-5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z- docosahexaenoic acid Resolvin D4 RvD4 C₂₂H₃₂O₅ 4S,5,17S-trihydroxy-6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z- docosahexaenoic acid Resolvin D5 RvD5 C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 7S,17S-dihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z- docosahexaenoic acid Resolvin D6 RvD6 C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 4S,17S-dihydroxy-5E,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z- docosahexaenoic acid Protectin D1 PD1 C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 10R,17S-dihydroxy-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z- docosahexaenoic acid Protectin DX PDX C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 10S,17S-dihydroxy-(4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,15E,19Z)- docosahexaenoic acid

TABLE 4 Aspirin-Triggered Mediators Name Abbrev. Formula Chemical Name 15-epi-Lipoxin A4 AT-LXA4 C₂₀H₃₂O₅ 5S,6R,15R-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E- eicosatetraenoic acid 15-epi-Lipoxin B4 AT-LXB4 C₂₀H₃₂O₅ 5S,14R,15R-trihydroxy-6E,8Z,10E,12E- eicosatetraenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvD1 C₂₂H₃₂O₅ 7S,8R,17R-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z- Resolvin D1 docosahexaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvD2 C₂₂H₃₂O₅ 7S,16R,17R-trihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z- Resolvin D2 docosahexaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvD3 C₂₂H₃₂O₅ 4S,11R,17R-trihydroxy-5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z- Resolvin D3 docosahexaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvD4 C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 4S,5,17R-trihydroxy-6E,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z- Resolvin D4 docosahexaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvD5 C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 7S,17R-dihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z- Resolvin D5 docosahexaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvD6 C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 4S,17R-dihydroxy-5E,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z- Resolvin D6 docosahexaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvE₁ C₂₀H₃₀O₅ 5S,12R,18S-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E- Resolvin E1 eicosapentaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvE₂ C₂₀H₃₀O₄ 5S,18S-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E- Resolvin E2 eicosapentaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-RvE₃ C₂₀H₃₀O₄ 17R,18S-dihydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,15E- Resolvin E3 eicosapentaenoic acid Aspirin-triggered AT-PD1 C₂₂H₃₂O₄ 10R,17R-dihydroxy-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z- Protectin D1 docosahexaenoic acid

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a solvate of a compound described herein. A “solvate” refers to a form of salt bound by a non-covalent bond to another molecule (such as a polar solvent). Such solvates are typically crystalline solids having a substantially fixed molar ratio of solute and solvent. When the solvent is water, the solvate formed is a hydrate. Example hydrates include hemihydrates, mono hydrates, dihydrates, etc.

In embodiments, the invention provides a crystalline form of a compound described herein. In one embodiment, the invention provides a polymorph of an ionic salt described herein.

Physical Properties

The compounds described here and compositions comprising same possess advantageous chemical and physical properties compared to the free SPMs. For example, in embodiments a compound described here may be stabilized against chemical degradation compared to the corresponding free SPM. In embodiments, the compounds are stable against chemical degradation, including oxidative degradation. In embodiments, the compounds are stable to degradation induced by exposure to air, oxygen, and humidity as evidenced by a lack of change in physical properties, such as flow characteristics, or in chemical properties, as measured e.g., by spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In embodiments, the increased stability is evidenced by a lack of chemical degradation after 2, 4, or 8 weeks. In embodiments, a compound described here is stabilized against chemical degradation as evidenced by the lack of degradation products at 2 or 8 weeks, compared to the free SPM.

In embodiments, the compounds are physically solid, free flowing substances suitable for formulation into solid dosage forms such as powders, tablets, capsules or caplets. In addition, the compounds and compositions of the invention can be readily combined, e.g., by physical admixture, with other biologically active agents in a solid dosage form.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

In embodiments, the compounds described here demonstrate highly favorable pharmacokinetic properties. For example, in embodiments, the compounds provide detectable levels of free SPMs in the blood or serum following oral, or parenteral (including via intravenous, intra-arterial, or intramuscular injection) administration, as discussed in more detail in the examples, infra. In embodiments, the compounds of the invention formulated as oral dosage forms deliver higher amounts of the free SPM component to the blood/serum than is achievable with oral administration of, for example, the free SPM itself.

Compositions

The present disclosure provides compositions including one or more of the compounds described herein, including compositions containing mixtures of two or more different compounds described herein. In embodiments, a compound or mixture of compounds described here may be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition, or as a food additive or supplement, meaning that the compound itself and any additives or excipients in the formulation are suitable for administration to humans or animals. In embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In embodiments, the composition is a non-pharmaceutical composition.

A composition including one or more compounds of the invention may be formulated as a solid or liquid dosage form adapted for oral delivery. The oral dosage form may be in the form of a solid, such as a tablet, a capsule containing particulates, liquids, or powders, a lozenge (including liquid-filled), a gum, or a gel. In one embodiment, the dosage form is a solid oral dosage form. In embodiments, the composition is a powder suitable for reconstitution in an aqueous liquid. Such powders may be used, for example, to prepare a liquid suitable for parenteral administration, e.g., via intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection.

In embodiments, a composition including one or more compounds described here may be formulated as a dosage form adapted for rectal delivery. In embodiments, the dosage form adapted for rectal delivery is an ointment, suppository, or enema. In embodiments, the dosage form is adapted for once a day delivery. In embodiments, the solid dosage form is adapted for delivery twice a day.

In embodiments, a composition comprising a compound of any one of Formulas I-IV may be in the form of a unit dose of the compound. In embodiments, the unit dose is in the form of tablet, capsule, suppository, or enema. In embodiments, the unit dose contains from 1 microgram (ug) to 50 milligrams (mg) of the SPM that forms the SPM component of the compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV. In embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula I or IV. In embodiments, the unit dose contains 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, or 500 micrograms of the SPM. In embodiments, the unit dose contains 1, 5, 10, or 20 milligrams of the SPM.

In embodiments of Formula I, the SPM component of the compound consists of from 50% to 75% by weight of the SPM. In an embodiment of Formula I, the compound is a mono SPM salt of lysyl lysine, the SPM is an E series resolvin, and the SPM comprises from 50-60% by weight of the compound. In an embodiment of Formula I, the compound is a bis salt and the SPM comprises from 60-75% by weight of the compound. In accordance with any of the foregoing embodiments, the E series resolvin may be selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3.

In embodiments of Formula I, the SPM component of the compound consists of from 50% to 75% by weight of the SPM. In an embodiment of Formula I, the compound is a mono SPM salt of lysyl lysine, the SPM is selected from RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-PD1, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the SPM comprises from 50-60% by weight of the compound. In an embodiment of Formula I, the compound is a bis salt and the SPM comprises from 60-75% by weight of the compound.

In embodiments of Formula IV, the SPM component of the compound consists of from 50% to 75% by weight of the SPM. In an embodiment of Formula IV, the compound is a bis SPM magnesium di-lysinate (Mg-lys-lys) salt of an E series SPM and the SPM comprises from 60-75% by weight of the compound. In embodiments where the SPM is a mono salt, the SPM comprises from about 50-60% by weight of the compound. In embodiments, the SPM is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3 and the SPM comprises about 65% by weight of the compound. In embodiments, the SPM is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3 and the SPM comprises about 70% by weight of the compound.

In embodiments of Formula IV, the SPM component of the compound consists of from 50% to 75% by weight of the SPM. In an embodiment of Formula IV, the compound is a bis SPM magnesium di-lysinate (Mg-lys-lys) salt of an SPM selected from RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-PD1, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1 and the SPM comprises from 60-75% by weight of the compound. In embodiments where the SPM is a mono salt, the SPM comprises from about 50-60% by weight of the compound. In embodiments, the SPM is RvE1 or AT-RvE1 and the SPM comprises about 65% by weight of the compound. In embodiments, the SPM is RvD1, RvD2, AT-RvD1, or AT-RVD2 and the SPM comprises about 70% by weight of the compound.

The compounds described here may be formulated alone or in combination with one or more additional active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or biologically active agents. Also provided are compositions including one or more of the compounds described herein, or mixtures of same, along with a second active agent. In embodiments the second active agent is a biologically active agent or an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In embodiments, a compound described here is formulated with one or more additional APIs or biologically active agents in a single dosage form. In embodiments, the dosage form is a solid or liquid dosage form. In embodiments, the solid dosage form is a powder suitable for reconstitution in aqueous media. In embodiments, the solid dosage form is an ointment, suppository, or enema.

Depending on the nature of the compounds and excipients making up the compositions described here, the composition may be suitable for pharmaceutical or veterinary use, or for use a dietary additive or supplement, or any combination of these uses. To the extent the various compositions are discussed in the following sections as “pharmaceutical compositions” or “additives and supplements” these terms are not meant to be limiting, only descriptive.

The compositions described here may be formulated using one or more suitable excipients or carriers. A suitable excipient or carrier is one suitable for human or animal use. The term “excipient” refers to an additive that serves some purpose in the composition other than a carrier, for example as a stabilizer, taste masking agent (e.g., a sweetener), solubilizing agent, or suspending agent. Often, a carrier will serve a dual purpose as a simple carrier or diluent and an excipient. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may thus include carriers. Non-limiting examples of excipients for use in the compositions of the invention include sterile liquids, water, buffered saline, ethanol, polyols (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol and the like), oils, detergents, suspending agents, carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, lactose, sucrose or dextran), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid or glutathione), chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins, and suitable mixtures thereof.

A suitable excipient or carrier is typically a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient for use in animals or humans (or both). The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates approval by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia such as the European Pharmacopeia, for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. In the context of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, a “carrier” refers to, for example, a solvent, a diluent, or vehicle with which the ionic salt of the invention is formulated for delivery. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for use in the compositions of the invention include, without limitation, sterile aqueous and non-aqueous liquids, water, buffered saline, ethanol, polyols (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol and the like), and oils, for liquid dosage forms; or carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, lactose, sucrose or dextran) for solid dosage forms.

The compounds described here may be formulated in any suitable form and for any suitable intended route of administration. Typically, the dosage form is at least in part determined by the intended route of administration. In embodiments, a compound described here is formulation for administration by an oral, rectal, or parenteral route.

In one embodiment, the dosage form is a liquid suitable for administration to the eye. The formulation may be a solution, suspension, or gel suitable for ocular administration, e.g., suitable for topical administration to the eye, also referred to as an ophthalmic formulation.

In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation is an aqueous formulation. In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation comprises one or more of glycerin, hypromellose, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol. In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation further comprises one or more of polysorbate 80, carbomer copolymer type A, purified water, sodium hydroxide, ascorbic acid, benzalkonium chloride, boric acid, dextrose, disodium phosphate, glycine, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium borate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, edetate disodium, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, aminornethylpropanol, hydroxypropyl guar, polyquatemium-I, or sorbitol.

In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation comprises one or more of surfactants, tonicity agents, buffers, preservatives, co-solvents and viscosity building agents. Various tonicity agents may be employed to adjust the tonicity of the composition, preferably to that of natural tears for ophthalmic compositions. For example, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, dextrose and/or mannitol may be added to the composition to approximate physiological tonicity. Preferably, the tonicity agent is present in an amount sufficient to cause the final composition to have an ophthalmically acceptable osmolality (generally about 150-450 mOsm, preferably 250-350 mOsm). An appropriate buffer system (e.g., sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium borate or boric acid) may be added to the compositions to prevent pH drift under storage conditions. The particular concentration will vary, depending on the agent employed. Preferably, however, the buffer will be chosen to maintain a target pH within the range of pH 6-7.5.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers.

In embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition including a compound described herein, or any mixture thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient. In embodiments, the composition further comprises an additional active agent, such as an API, as described below.

In one embodiment is provided a solid dosage form including a compound of the invention in physical admixture with one or more additional active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In embodiments, the one or more additional APIs is an antihyperlipidemic agent, an anti-diabetic agent, an anti-epileptic agent, or an anti-inflammatory agent. In one embodiment the API is an antihyperlipidemic agent or an anti-diabetic agent. In one embodiment, the antihyperlipidemic agent is selected from the group consisting of an HMG CoA enzyme inhibitor (e.g., a statin), a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, and a cholesterol esterase transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor. In one embodiment, the antihyperlipidemic agent is a statin. In one embodiment, the statin is selected from the group consisting of atorvastatin, risuvostatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof. In one embodiment, the statin is present in an amount ranging from 5 mg to 100 mg. In one embodiment, the statin is pravastatin. In one embodiment, the antihyperlipidemic agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In one embodiment, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe, also known as Zetia. In one embodiment, the antihyperlipidemic agent is a CETP inhibitor. In one embodiment, the CETP inhibitor is anacetrapib, or a hydrate, or solvate thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions including a compound described here, and mixtures thereof, are useful in methods of treating various diseases and disorders that are responsive to treatment with SPMs, their derivatives, and analogs. These uses are described in more detail infra.

Enteral Formulations

In embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition including a compound described here, and mixtures thereof, is formulated as an enteral dosage form. In embodiments, the enteral dosage form is selected from an oral or rectal formulation. The oral formulation may be in the form of e.g., a tablet, solution, suspension, or emulsion. The rectal formulation may be in the form of e.g., an ointment, suppository, or enema.

Parenteral Formulations

In embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition including a compound described here, and mixtures thereof, is formulated as a parenteral dosage form. In embodiments, the parenteral dosage form is selected from an intravenous dosage form, an intra-arterial dosage form, or an intramuscular dosage form. In accordance with any of these embodiments, the dosage form may be in the form of a clear aqueous solution or in the form of a lyophilized solid, e.g., contained in container, such as a vial or an ampule which is suitable for reconstitution with a specified amount of sterile water or aqueous buffer for administration by a parenteral route, e.g., intravenous, intra-arterial, or an intramuscular.

Ophthalmic Formulations

In embodiments, the compounds described herein are useful for treating or ameliorating one or more symptoms of an ocular disease or disorder, as described in more detail below. Accordingly, the invention provides compounds of any one of Formulas I-VI in a pharmaceutical composition suitable for topical administration to the eye, also referred to as an ophthalmic formulation. The formulation may be a solution, suspension, or gel suitable for ocular administration.

In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation is an aqueous formulation. In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation comprises one or more of glycerin, hypromellose, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol. In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation further comprises one or more of polysorbate 80, carbomer copolymer type A, purified water, sodium hydroxide, ascorbic acid, benzalkonium chloride, boric acid, dextrose, disodium phosphate, glycine, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium borate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, edetate disodium, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, aminornethylpropanol, hydroxypropyl guar, polyquatermium-I, or sorbitol.

In one embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation comprises one or more of surfactants, tonicity agents, buffers, preservatives, co-solvents and viscosity building agents. Various tonicity agents may be employed to adjust the tonicity of the composition, preferably to that of natural tears for ophthalmic compositions. For example, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, dextrose and/or mannitol may be added to the composition to approximate physiological tonicity. Preferably, the tonicity agent is present in an amount sufficient to cause the final composition to have an ophthalmically acceptable osmolality (generally about 150-450 mOsm, preferably 250-350 mOsm). An appropriate buffer system (e.g., sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium borate or boric acid) may be added to the compositions to prevent pH drift under storage conditions. The particular concentration will vary, depending on the agent employed. Preferably, however, the buffer will be chosen to maintain a target pH within the range of pH 6-7.5.

Compositions formulated for the treatment of dry eye-type diseases and disorders may also comprise aqueous carriers designed to provide immediate, short-term relief of dry eye-type conditions. Such carriers can be formulated as a phospholipid carrier or an artificial tears carrier, or mixtures of both. As used herein, “phospholipid carrier” and “artificial tears carrier” refer to aqueous compositions which: (i) comprise one or more phospholipids (in the case of phospholipid carriers) or other compounds, which lubricate, “wet,” approximate the consistency of endogenous tears, aid in natural tear build-up, or otherwise provide temporary relief of dry eye symptoms and conditions upon ocular administration; (ii) are safe; and (iii) provide the appropriate delivery vehicle for the topical administration of an effective amount of one or more of the fatty acid salts of the invention.

Examples or artificial tears compositions useful as artificial tears carriers include, but are not limited to, commercial products, such as Tears Naturale™, Tears Naturale n™, Tears Naturale Free™, and Bion Tears™. (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, Tex.). Examples of phospholipid carrier formulations include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,539 (Guo et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,658 (Holly), U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,088 (Glonek), U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,104 (Gressel et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,151 (Korb et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,607 (Glonek et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,108 (Korb et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,586 (Gionek et al.); the foregoing patents are incorporated herein by reference to the extent they disclose phospholipid compositions useful as phospholipid carriers of the present invention.

Other compounds designed to lubricate, “wet,” approximate the consistency of endogenous tears, aid in natural tear build-up, or otherwise provide temporary relief of dry eye symptoms and conditions upon ocular administration the eye are known in the art. Such compounds may enhance the viscosity of the composition, and include, but are not limited to: monomeric polyols, such as, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol; polymeric polyols, such as, polyethylene glycol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (“HPMC”), carboxy methylcellulose sodium, hydroxy propylcellulose (“HPC”), dextrans, such as, dextran 70; water soluble proteins, such as gelatin; and vinyl polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, povidone and carbomers, such as carbomer 934P, carbomer 941, carbomer 940, carbomer 974P.

Examples of viscosity enhancing agents include, but are not limited to polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid and its salts, chondroitin sulfate and its salts, dextrans, various polymers of the cellulose family; vinyl polymers; and acrylic acid polymers. In general, the phospholipid carrier or artificial tears will exhibit a viscosity of 1 to 400 centipoises (“cps”). Topical ophthalmic products are typically packaged in multidose form. Preservatives may be required to prevent microbial contamination during use. Suitable preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, benzododecinium bromide, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenylethyl alcohol, edetate disodium, sorbic acid, polyquatemium-1, or other agents known to those skilled in the art. Such preservatives are typically employed at a level of from 0.001 to 1.0% w/v. Unit dose compositions of the present invention will be sterile, but typically unpreserved. Such compositions, therefore, generally will not contain preservatives.

Other wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, and perfumingagents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, a-tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

A contact lens may optionally be used to allow for extravasation of vasoactive substance over a more prolonged time period. Vasoactive substances such as Thrombin and Thromboxane A may further induce increase in tear volume via venular vasoconstriction and increased perfusion through lacrimal, accessory lacrimal and surface microvessels; where increased paracellular endothelial openings that increase capillary permeability can further enhance this benefit.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers.

Pharmaceutical Uses

The compounds and compositions described here are useful in methods of treating diseases and disorders characterized by excessive inflammation. For example, the compounds and compositions described here are useful in treating chronic diseases characterized by excessive inflammation including gastrointestinal diseases and disorders, infectious diseases, pulmonary and vascular diseases and disorders, metabolic diseases and disorders, and neurological diseases and disorders. Accordingly, the disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder characterized by excessive inflammation, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, preferably a human subject, an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, IV effective to treat the disease or disorder. In accordance with any of the embodiments of the methods described here, the compound may be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, or a veterinary composition, or a nutritional additive or supplement.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of treating a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, proctitis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, eosinophilic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, diversion colitis, chemical colitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, pseudomembranous colitis and indeterminate colitis, the method comprising administering an amount of a Compound of Formulas I-IV, effective to treat the disease or disorder. In embodiments, the disease or disorder is an IBD-related disease or disorder selected from ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, proctitis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, eosinophilic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, diversion colitis, chemical colitis, and ischemic colitis. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of treating a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of bowel obstruction, chronic pancreatitis, colitis, colon cancer, congenital gastrointestinal anomalies, gastroschisis, high-output fistula, parenteral nutrition associated liver disease, postoperative ileus (POI), postoperative intestinal inflammation, short bowel syndrome, and sporadic polyposis.

In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is an IBD related disease or disorder as described above. In embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of treating the IBD related disease or disorder by administering to a human patient in need thereof a compound of Formulas I-IV. In embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula I or IV.

In embodiments of the methods described here, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvE2 lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE2 lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvE3 lysyl lysine, and mono or bis AT-RvE3 lysyl lysine.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is an IBD related disease or disorder as described above. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, intestinal mucositis, diverticulitis, and short bowel syndrome. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is intestinal mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a dermatological disease or disorder selected from dermatitis, diabetic wound, eczema, pruritus, healing wound, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea. In embodiments, the dermatological disease or disorder is selected from dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, psoriasis, scleroderma, and oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a neurological disease or disorder selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

In embodiments of the methods described here, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvE2 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE2 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvE3 linear lysyl lysine, and mono or bis AT-RvE3 linear lysyl lysine.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is an IBD related disease or disorder as described above. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, intestinal mucositis, diverticulitis, and short bowel syndrome. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is intestinal mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a dermatological disease or disorder selected from dermatitis, diabetic wound, eczema, pruritus, healing wound, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea. In embodiments, the dermatological disease or disorder is selected from dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, psoriasis, scleroderma, and oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a neurological disease or disorder selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

In embodiments of the methods described here, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis AT-RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis RvE2 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis AT-RvE2 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis RvE3 Mg-di-lysinate, and mono or bis AT-RvE3 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is an IBD related disease or disorder as described above. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, intestinal mucositis, diverticulitis, and short bowel syndrome. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is intestinal mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a dermatological disease or disorder selected from dermatitis, diabetic wound, eczema, pruritus, healing wound, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea. In embodiments, the dermatological disease or disorder is selected from dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, psoriasis, scleroderma, and oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from an E series resolvin; in embodiments, the E series resolvin is selected from RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, AT-RvE1, AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3, and the disease or disorder is a neurological disease or disorder selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

In embodiments of the methods described here, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis LXA4 lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-LXA4 lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvD1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvD1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvD2 lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvD2 lysyl lysine, mono or bis PDX lysyl lysine. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE1 lysyl lysine, mono or bis LXA4 lysyl lysine, and mono or bis AT-LXA4 lysyl lysine.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is an IBD related disease or disorder as described above. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, intestinal mucositis, diverticulitis, and short bowel syndrome. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is intestinal mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a dermatological disease or disorder selected from dermatitis, diabetic wound, eczema, pruritus, healing wound, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea. In embodiments, the dermatological disease or disorder is selected from dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, psoriasis, scleroderma, and oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula I where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a neurological disease or disorder selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

In embodiments of the methods described here, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis LXA4 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-LXA4 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvD1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvD1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis RvD2 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvD2 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis PDX linear lysyl lysine. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis AT-RvE1 linear lysyl lysine, mono or bis LXA4 linear lysyl lysine, and mono or bis AT-LXA4 linear lysyl lysine.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is an IBD related disease or disorder as described above. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, intestinal mucositis, diverticulitis, and short bowel syndrome. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is intestinal mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a dermatological disease or disorder selected from dermatitis, diabetic wound, eczema, pruritus, healing wound, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea. In embodiments, the dermatological disease or disorder is selected from dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, psoriasis, scleroderma, and oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a linear lysyl-lysine dipeptide of Formula III where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a neurological disease or disorder selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

In embodiments of the methods described here, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvD1, RvD2, RvE1, PDX, LXA4, AT-RvD1, AT-RvD2, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis AT-RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis AT-LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis RvD1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis AT-RvD1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis RvD2 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis AT-RvD2 Mg-di-lysinate and mono or bis PDX Mg-di-lysinate. In embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of mono or bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis AT-RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate, mono or bis LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate, and mono or bis AT-LXA4 Mg-di-lysinate.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is an IBD related disease or disorder as described above. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In embodiments, the IBD-related disease or disorder is pouchitis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a gastrointestinal disease or disorder selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, intestinal mucositis, diverticulitis, and short bowel syndrome. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is intestinal mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a dermatological disease or disorder selected from dermatitis, diabetic wound, eczema, pruritus, healing wound, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea. In embodiments, the dermatological disease or disorder is selected from dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, acne, and steroid-induced rosacea.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is an inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, Sjogren's syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder selected from asthma, psoriasis, scleroderma, and oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the compound administered is selected from a magnesium, calcium, or zinc di-lysinate of Formula IV where A and B are the same and are selected from the group consisting of RvE1, LXA4, AT-LXA4, and AT-RvE1, and the disease or disorder is a neurological disease or disorder selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

Additional uses are described infra.

In the context of the methods described here, the term “treating” or “effective to treat” may refer to the amelioration or stabilization of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or disorder being treated. The term “treating” may also encompass the management of a disease or disorder, referring to the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a therapy which does not result in a cure of the underlying disease or disorder. The compositions of the invention can also be used in the prevention of certain diseases, disorders, and conditions. In this context, the term “prevention” refers to preventing the recurrence, development, progression or onset of one or more symptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition.

In accordance with the methods described here, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein is administered to a subject, the therapeutically effective amount being an amount of the compound (or mixture of two or more compounds) sufficient to treat the disease or disorder, or sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic outcome, for example the amelioration or stabilization of one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated, or in the context of prevention, the amount sufficient to achieve prevention of the recurrence, development, progression or onset of one or more symptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition.

In the context of any of the methods of the present invention, the subject may be a human or a non-human mammal. The non-human mammal may be, for example, a non-human primate, a dog, cat, a rodent (e.g., a mouse, a rat, a rabbit), a horse, a cow, a sheep, a goat, a bird, a chicken, or any other non-human mammal. Preferably, the subject is a human.

In embodiments, the subject is a human subject. In one embodiment, the human is an adult human, a pediatric human, or a geriatric human, as those terms are understood by the medical practitioner, for example as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

The compounds or compositions described here can be used as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. The compositions of the invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents (i.e., additional APIs) or therapies, for example as part of a therapeutic regimen that includes, e.g., aspects of diet and exercise. In certain embodiments, the methods of the invention include administration of a composition of the invention as the primary therapy. In other embodiments, the administration of a composition of the invention is an adjuvant therapy. In either case, the methods of the invention contemplate the administration of a composition of the invention in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents and/or therapies for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder. The terms “therapy” and “therapies” refer to any method, protocol and/or agent that can be used in the prevention, treatment, management or amelioration of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof.

The compounds or compositions described here can also be used in combination therapy. As used herein, “combination therapy” or “co-therapy” includes the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds described here as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from the co-action of the one or more compounds and an additional active agent, for example an additional API or active biological agent as described above. The beneficial effect of the combination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination. The beneficial effect of the combination may also relate to the mitigation of toxicity, side effect, or adverse event associated with another agent in the combination. “Combination therapy” is not intended to encompass the administration of two or more compounds as part of separate monotherapy regimens that incidentally and arbitrarily result in a beneficial effect that was not intended or predicted.

Dermatological Conditions and Disorders

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a dermatological condition or disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulas I-VI, or mixtures thereof, or a composition comprising same.

In embodiments, the dermatological disorder is dermatitis.

In embodiments, the dermatological condition is a diabetic wound.

In embodiments, the dermatological disorder is eczema.

In embodiments, the dermatological disorder is pruritus.

In embodiments, the dermatological condition is a healing wound.

In embodiments, the dermatological condition is acne.

In embodiments, the dermatological condition is steroid-induced rosacea.

Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a gastrointestinal disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulas I-VI, or mixtures thereof, or a composition comprising same.

In embodiments, gastrointestinal disease or disorder is selected from IBD, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, proctitis, pouchitis, Crohn's disease of the pouch, eosinophilic colitis, lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, diversion colitis, chemical colitis, ischemic colitis, infectious colitis, pseudomembranous colitis and indeterminate colitis. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is selected from IBD, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.

In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is selected from bowel obstruction, chronic pancreatitis, colitis, colon cancer, congenital gastrointestinal anomalies, gastroschisis, high-output fistula, parenteral nutrition associated liver disease, postoperative ileus, postoperative intestinal inflammation, short bowel syndrome, and sporadic polyposis. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is selected from eosinophilic esophagitis, Behcet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, Intestinal mucositis, NSAID enteropathies, enteric infections, diverticulosis, diverticulitis, gastritis, pancreatitis, viral gastroenteritis, and Whipple's disease.

In embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is postoperative intestinal inflammation, postoperative ileus, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, the gastrointestinal inflammatory disease or disorder is postoperative ileus (POI).

In preferred embodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or disorder is IBD, which is the term given for two conditions, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, both characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease may affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, including the oral cavity and anus, but most often affects the lower gastrointestinal tract, especially the ileum. Ulcerative colitis affects the large intestines/colon and rectum. The terms “large intestine” and “colon” are used interchangeably in the present disclosure.

Standard of care treatment of IBD is aimed at achieving and maintaining remission by controlling inflammation in the target tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. In adults, 5 aminosalicylates (5-ASA), alone or in combination with corticosteroids may be used to induce remission. Generally corticosteroid treatment is administered for short-term control of symptoms, e.g., to treat acute flare-ups and induce remission of disease symptoms. Longer-term, or maintenance therapy, generally involves the use of non-steroidal agents including 5-ASA, and immune modulators such as azathioprine.

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides an additional treatment for IBD in the form of bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate, either as monotherapy or in a combination therapy with a second IBD therapeutic agent. In embodiments, the second IBD therapeutic agent is selected from a corticosteroid, 5-ASA, and azathioprine. In embodiments, the disclosure provides bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate for use in a method of treating IBD in combination with an IBD maintenance therapy, optionally 5-ASA or azathioprine. In embodiments, the disclosure provides bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate for use in a method of treating IBD in combination with any one or more of 5-ASA, azathioprine, and a corticosteroid. In embodiments, the disclosure provides bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate for use in a method of treating IBD in combination with a corticosteroid. In accordance with the foregoing embodiments of combination therapy of bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate with a corticosteroid, the corticosteriod may be selected from the group consisting of prednisone, prednisolone, budesonide, hydrocortisone, and beclometasone dipropionate, where the dosage form is an oral dosage form, or from hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and budesonide, where the dosage form is adapted for rectal delivery, for example in the form of an enema or suppository.

Infectious Diseases and Disorders Caused by an Infectious Agent

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease or disorder caused by an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, a fungus, or a virus, in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulas I-V, or mixtures thereof, or a composition comprising same.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is a bacterial infection. In embodiments, the bacterial infection is bacterial pneumonia. In embodiments, the bacterial infection is an E. coli infection. In embodiments, the bacterial infection is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is a yeast infection. In embodiments, the yeast infection is a Candida yeast infection.

In embodiments, the disease or disorder is sepsis. In embodiments, the sepsis is burn wound sepsis.

Inflammatory Disorders

The compounds described here may be particularly useful in the treatment of diseases and disorders having a significant inflammatory component, due to the ability of the SPMs to mediate resolution of inflammation, and the ability of the compounds described here to deliver therapeutically effective amounts of SPMs to the tissue of a subject in need of treatment for inflammation. In addition, the compounds and compositions described here are useful in treating conditions which would benefit from rapid resolution of inflammation. Thus, the compounds and compositions described here are useful in promoting wound healing, including the healing of burn wounds and diabetic wounds. Other conditions which may be treated according to the methods described here include, chronic pancreatitis, dermatitis, peritonitis, dry eye, bacterial infection, adipose tissue inflammation, localized aggressive periodontitis, temporomandibular joint inflammation, arthritis, postoperative pain, postsurgical cognitive decline, endotoxin shock, HSV-keratitis, allograft rejection, and heart ischemia.

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating an inflammatory disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulas I-VI, or mixtures thereof, or a composition comprising same. In embodiments, the effective amount is effective to treat one or more symptoms of the inflammatory disease or disorder.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, lyme arthritis, periodontitis, peritonitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of oral mucositis, stomatitis, chelitis, glossitis, and Sjogren's syndrome.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is adipose tissue inflammation.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is vascular inflammation.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is heart ischemia.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is endometriosis.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is oral mucositis.

In embodiments, the inflammatory disease or disorder is a disease or disorder of the ocular system. In embodiments, the disease or disorder of the ocular system is selected from the group consisting of inflammatory diseases of the eye, dry eye syndrome, macular edema and retinopathy. In embodiments, the method is a method for promoting corneal wound healing.

In embodiments, the method is a method for treating dry eye. Dry eye disease or syndrome is a multifactorial disorder of the tears and ocular surface characterized by symptoms of dryness and irritation. Inflammation is an important component in the development and propagation of dry eye (Stevenson et al., Arch. Ophthalmol., 2012, 130(1), 90-100; Rashid et al., Arch. Ophthalmol, 2008, 126(2), 219-225).

The term“dry eye” refers to inadequate tear production and/or abnormal tear composition. Causes of dry eye disease as defined herein include but are not limited to the following: idiopathic, congenital alacrima, xerophthalmia, lacrimal gland ablation, and sensory denervation; collagen vascular diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus; Sjogren's syndrome and autoimmune diseases associated with Sjogren's syndrome; abnormalities of the lipid tear layer caused by blepharitis or rosacea; abnormalities of the mucin tear layer caused by vitamin A deficiency; trachoma, diphtheric keratoconjunctivitis; mucocutaneous disorders; aging; menopause; and diabetes. Further, the term “dry eye” includes dry eye after anterior ophthalmic operation such as cataract operation and refractive surgery and that accompanied with allergic conjunctivitis Dry eye symptoms as defined herein may also be provoked by other circumstances, including, but not limited to, the following: prolonged visual tasking; working on a computer; being in a dry environment; ocular irritation; contact lenses, LASIK and other refractive surgeries; fatigue; and medications such as isotretinoin, sedatives, diuretics, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensives, oral contraceptives, antihistamines, nasal decongestants, beta-blockers, phenothiazines, atropine, and pain relieving opiates such as morphine.

In embodiments, the method further comprises administering a compound described herein with an anti-inflammatory agent. In embodiments, the compound and the anti-inflammatory agent are contained in the same dosage form.

Metabolic Diseases and Disorders

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulas I-V, or mixtures thereof, or a composition comprising same. In embodiments, the subject is a human and the compound is a compound of Formula I or IV.

In embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is abnormal glucose metabolism manifesting in diabetes, including type 2 diabetes, or pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, abnormal lipid metabolism manifesting as hypertriglyceridemia, i.e., elevated triglycerides, mixed dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver, and combined abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism manifesting in obesity; or a dyslipidemic disorder selected from hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemias.

In embodiments, the metabolic disease or disorder is insulin resistance, mixed dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes, primary biliary syndrome, and primary schlerosing cholangitis.

In embodiments, a compound described here is formulated in a single solid dosage form with at least one additional API. In embodiments, the at least one additional API is an antihyperlipidemic agent or an anti-diabetic agent. Antihyperlipidemic agents that may be used include HMG CoA enzyme inhibitors (e.g., statins), cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and cholesterol esterase transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors. In embodiments, the antihyperlipidemic agent is selected from a statin, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a CETP inhibitor, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts and prodrugs of any of the foregoing. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be selected from the group consisting of a propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caprate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1,4-dioate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, terephathal ate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenyl acetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, p-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonates, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, mandelate, hippurate, gluconate, and lactobionate salt.

In embodiments, the antihyperlipidemic agent is a statin. In embodiments, the statin is selected from the group consisting of atorvastatin, risuvostatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs of any of the foregoing. In embodiments, the statin is present in an amount ranging from 5 mg to 100 mg. In one embodiment, the statin is pravastatin.

In embodiments, the antihyperlipidemic agent is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. In one embodiment, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe, also known as Zetia.

In embodiments, the antihyperlipidemic agent is a CETP inhibitor. In one embodiment, the CETP inhibitor is anacetrapib, or a hydrate, or solvate thereof.

Neurological Disorders

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a neurological disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulas I-VI, or mixtures thereof, or a composition comprising same. In embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula I or IV. In embodiments, the neurological diseases and disorders that may be treated include, without limitation, Alzheimer's disease, peripheral nerve injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pain, and fibromyalgia. In embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is selected from postoperative delirium, acute postsurgical pain, fibromyalgia, endometriosis, vulvodynia, chronic lower back pain, treatment or management of pain associated with osteoarthritis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

In embodiments, the amount is effective to treat one or more symptoms of the neurological disorder.

In embodiments, the neurological disorder is a psychiatric disorder. In embodiments, the psychiatric disorder is selected from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression. In embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) or postoperative delirium.

The disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain. In embodiments, the pain is nociceptive pain and the method comprises administering to a subject in need of treatment for nociceptive pain a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount a compound described here, or mixtures thereof. In embodiments, the methods further comprise administering at least one additional API. In embodiments, the additional API is gabapentin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain associated with inflammation.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain associated with fibromyalgia.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain associated with endometriosis.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain associated with vulvodynia.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing acute postsurgical pain.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing chronic lower back pain.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain associated with osteoarthritis.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

In embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods for treating or managing pain associated with musculoskeletal injury or trauma.

Pulmonary and Vascular Diseases and Disorders

In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a pulmonary disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulas I-VI, or mixtures thereof, or a composition comprising same. In embodiments, the subject is human and the compound is a compound of Formula I or IV.

In embodiments, the pulmonary and vascular diseases and disorders that may be treated include, without limitation, pulmonary inflammation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, also referred to as chronic lung disease of infancy, cystic fibrosis, allergic airway response, acute lung injury, lung injury, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, bacterial pneumonia, cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation, and vascular inflammation.

In embodiments, the pulmonary disorder is selected from acute lung injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, also referred to as chronic lung disease of infancy, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung injury, and pulmonary inflammation.

In embodiments, the pulmonary disorder is bronchopulmonary dysplasia, also referred to as chronic lung disease of infancy.

In embodiments, the pulmonary disorder is cystic fibrosis.

In embodiments, the pulmonary disorder is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Non-Pharmaceutical Uses

In one embodiment, the invention provides compositions comprising a compound described herein, and mixtures of the same, for a non-pharmaceutical use. e.g., for use as a dietary supplement.

In embodiments, the non-pharmaceutical use may comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound described here, or a mixture of two or more of the compounds described here. In embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective to maintain, promote, or improve the general health of the subject.

In one embodiment, the composition may be used in a method to counter a dietary deficiency or nutritional disorder in a subject. In one embodiment, the composition may be used in a method for maintaining, promoting, or improving the general health of a subject.

In one embodiment, the method is a method for improving heart health.

In one embodiment, the method is a method for improving joint health.

In one embodiment, the method is a method for improving eye health.

In one embodiment, the method is a method for improving cognitive health.

Combination Therapies

In the context of the methods described above, the method may further comprise administering a compound described herein as a combination therapy, with one or more additional APIs or non-pharmaceutical agents intended to treat or ameliorate one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder, or to provide additional non-pharmaceutical benefits as described above. In embodiments, a compound described herein may be administered together with the at least one additional API or non-pharmaceutical agent, or separately from the additional API or non-pharmaceutical agent. Where delivery is together, a composition of the invention may be delivered in the same dosage form as the additional API or non-pharmaceutical agent, or in a different dosage form. One of the advantages of the present invention, as discussed above, is the ease of formulating the compositions described herein with additional APIs or non-pharmaceutical agents and excipients in a single solid dosage form due to their form as a free flowing powder that is chemically and physically stable (as opposed to the relatively unstable oily liquid form of free SPMs and their esters).

In embodiments, the disclosure provides compositions comprising bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate and an additional IBD therapeutic agent, optionally a corticosteroid, 5-ASA, or azathioprine, for use in a method of treating IBD, as discussed supra. In embodiments, the method comprises administering a composition comprising bis RvE1 magnesium di-lysinate separately from the additional IBD therapeutic agent, which is optionally a corticosteroid, 5-ASA, or azathioprine. In embodiments where the additional IBD therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid, the corticosteriod may be selected from the group consisting of prednisone, prednisolone, budesonide, hydrocortisone, and beclometasone dipropionate, where the dosage form is an oral dosage form, or from hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and budesonide, where the dosage form is adapted for rectal delivery, for example in the form of an enema or suppository.

The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

The structures of exemplary compounds of Formulas I and IV are shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Structures of Representative Compounds of Formulas I and IV Cmpd # Name Structure 1 RvE1-MgLys

2 RvE1-CaLys

3 RvE1-ZnLys

4 RvE1-LysLys

5 RvE1-LysLys (linear)

6 AT(18S)-RvE1-MgLys

7 AT(18S)-RvE1-CaLys

8 AT(18S)-RvE1-ZnLys

9 AT(18S)-RvE1-LysLys

10 AT(18S)-RvE1-LysLys (linear)

11 LxA4-MgLys

12 LxA4-CaLys

13 LxA4-ZnLys

14 LxA4-LysLys

15 LxA4-LysLys (linear)

16 AT(15e)-LxA4-MgLys

17 AT(15e)-LxA4-CaLys

18 AT(15e)-LxA4-ZnLys

19 AT(15e)-LxA4-LysLys

20 AT(15e)-LxA4-LysLys (linear)

21 RvD1-MgLys

22 RvD1-CaLys

23 RvD1-ZnLys

24 RvD1-LysLys

25 RvD1-LysLys (linear)

26 AT(17e)-RvD1-MgLys

27 AT(17e)-RvD1-CaLys

28 AT(17e)-RvD1-ZnLys

29 AT(17e)-RvD1-LysLys

30 AT(17e)-RvD1-LysLys (linear)

31 RvD2-MgLys

32 RvD2-CaLys

33 RvD2-ZnLys

34 RvD2-LysLys

35 RvD2-LysLys (linear)

36 PDX-MgLys

37 PDX-CaLys

38 PDX-ZnLys

39 PDX-LysLys

40 PDX-LysLys (linear)

41 RvE2-MgLys

42 RvE2-CaLys

43 RvE2-ZnLys

44 RvE2-LysLys

45 RvE2-LysLys (linear)

46 AT-RvE2-MgLys

47 AT-RvE2-CaLys

48 AT-RvE2-ZnLys

49 AT-RvE2-LysLys

50 AT-RvE2-LysLys (linear)

51 RvE3-MgLys

52 RvE3-CaLys

53 RvE3-ZnLys

54 RvE3-LysLys

55 RvE3-LysLys (linear)

56 AT-RvE3-MgLys

57 AT-RvE3-CaLys

58 AT-RvE3-ZnLys

59 AT-RvE3-LysLys

60 AT-RvE3-LysLys (linear)

EXAMPLES

Chemical synthesis of the peptide-metal salt component of the compounds described here using other divalent metal cations than those exemplified below can be accomplished by adapting the methods described here using techniques known in the art. For example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,815, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In addition, the skilled person would appreciate that different SPM molecules from those exemplified below may be combined with the metal-dipeptide and dipeptide scaffolds described below in the same manner.

Provided here are exemplary methods of synthesizing representative SPM molecules, for example RvE1, AT-RvD1, RvD2, PDX, and LXA4. These are intended to be non-limiting, as the skilled person may employ an alternate method for obtaining the SPM component of a compound described here. For example, methods of synthesis are described in Li et al., Beilstein J Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2762-2766 and Vik et al., Bioorganic and Med. Chem. Let 2017. In addition, one or more SPMs may be available for purchase from a vendor such as Caymen Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, Mich.).

Example 1: Synthesis of RvE1 (5S,6Z,8E,10E,12R,14Z,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic Acid)

Step 1: isopropyl (5S,8E,10E,12R,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-8,10,16-trien-6,14-diynoate

A degassed solution of isopropyl (5S,8E,10E,12R)-5,12-dihydroxypentadeca-8,10-dien-6,14-diynoate (3.972 g, 13.05 mmol) in benzene (50 mL) was added to a degassed solution of (R,E)-1-iodopent-1-en-3-ol (3.62 g, 17.07 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (0.464 g, 0.661 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.482 g, 0.417 mmol), and copper(I) iodide (0.255 g, 1.34 mmol) in benzene (25 mL). The mixture was degassed and purged with nitrogen (2×), piperidine (6.5 mL, 65.8 mmol) was added, the solution was degassed and purged with nitrogen, and the mixture stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. After 2 hr, TLC (50% EtOAc/hexane, permanganate stain) showed consumption of the limiting reagent. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (240 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2×100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude viscous dark amber oil/red solid was purified by flash chromatography (0.75 L silica gel, 40% EtOAc/hexane then 50% once product started to elute) to afford 4.22 g (83%) of isopropyl (5S,8E,10E,12R,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-8,10,16-trien-6,14-diynoate as a viscous amber oil. 1H NMR (400 M Hz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.56 (dd, J=15.5, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J=14.9, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dd, J=15.9, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.85 (dd, J=15.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.73-5.59 (m, 2H), 5.00 (hept, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (q, J=4.8, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (q, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.13-4.01 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.28 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.56 (p, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.22 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H), 0.92 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: isopropyl (5S,6Z,8E,10E,12R,14Z,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoate

Zinc dust (208 g, 3.2 mol) and water (1.2 L) were added to a flask and degassed by passing a stream of nitrogen through the solution for 15 min. Copper(II) acetate monohydrate (20.9 g, 105 mmol) was added and the degassing continued for 15 min. Silver nitrate (21 g, 123 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min under continued nitrogen degassing. The mixture was filtered (#2 filter paper, 18.5 cm Buchner funnel) and the remaining solid was washed with water (2×200 mL), methanol (2×200 mL), acetone (2×200 mL) and diethyl ether (2×200 mL). The activated zinc was quickly transferred to a flask containing 1:1 methanol/water (1.2 L) and was treated with a solution of isopropyl (5S,8E,10E,12R,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-8,10,16-trien-6,14-diynoate (2.1 g, 5.4 mmol) in methanol (56 mL) and trimethylsilyl chloride (9.3 mL, 73 mmol), warmed to 40° C., and stirred overnight under nitrogen. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS and showed 99% conversion after 22 hours. The mixture was filtered (250 mL Celite in between two 185 mm #2 filter papers in a Buchner funnel) and the filter cake was rinsed with methanol until no product remained on the cake. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature<40° C.) until ˜99% of the initial volume was removed. To the remaining solution was added brine (50 mL), a small amount of sodium chloride, and EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature<30° C.). The crude yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography using a Biotage Isolera (120 g silica gel, 10-60% EtOAc/hexane, product elutes in 60% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 1.27 g (60%) of isopropyl (5S,6Z,8E,10E,12R,14Z,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoate as a transparent yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.49 (ddd, J=15.8, 11.2, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 6.35-6.04 (m, 4H), 5.78 (dd, J=15.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (dd, J=15.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (ddd, J=16.0, 10.5, 8.1 Hz, 2H), 5.00 (hept, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (q, J=6.8, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.05 (m, 1H), 2.48 (hept, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.45 (m, 9H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Step 3: (5S,6Z,8E,10E,12R,14Z,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid (RvE1)

A solution of isopropyl (5S,6Z,8E,10E,12R,14Z,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoate (2.51 g, 6.08 mmol) in THF (37 mL) was treated with 1M LiOH solution (26 mL, 26 mmol). After stirring for 2 hr at room temperature TLC (EtOAc) showed completion. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL) and acidified to pH 7-8 with pH 7 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer (28 mL). The layers were separated and sodium chloride was added to the aqueous layer until it was saturated. The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc until no product remained. The combined organic solution was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), tocopherol (1 drop) was added, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude viscous amber oil was dissolved in 15% MeOH/DCM and purified by flash chromatography (125 mL silica gel, 0-20% MeOH/DCM) to afford 1.38 g (65%) of (5S,6Z,8E,10E,12R,14Z,16E,18R)-5,12,18-trihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid as an amber oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.52 (ddd, J=19.6, 14.7, 11.3 Hz, 2H), 6.36-6.18 (m, 2H), 6.07 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (dd, J=14.6, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (dd, J=15.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (dt, J=10.3, 7.5 Hz, 1H),5.41-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.56 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H),4.16 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 1H),4.00 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 1H),2.44 (hept, J=7.3 Hz, 2H),2.30 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.40 (m, 6H), 0.90 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 2: Synthesis of RvE1 (L,L)-Lysyllysine Salt

A solution of RvE1 (38.1 mg, 0.109 mmol) in methanol (0.75 mL) and tocopherol (1.7 mg pre-dissolved in 0.2 mL of ethyl acetate) was treated with L-lysyl-L-lysine (30 mg, 0.109 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 20 min at 50° C. The solution cooled slightly, was concentrated in vacuo, and then placed in a vacuum oven at room temperature for 3 hr to afford 63 mg (93%) of RvE1 (L,L)-lysyllysine salt as a very pale orange crisp foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.62-6.44 (m, 2H), 6.37-6.16 (m, 2H), 6.07 (q, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 5.74 (dd, J=14.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (dd, J=15.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (dt, J=10.8, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.42-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.57 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=7.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 1H),4.01 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 1H),2.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.43 (tt, J=14.5, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (td, J=13.4, 7.9 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.40 (m, 16H), 0.91 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 3: Synthesis of bis RvE1 Mg di-(L)-lysinate Salt

A solution of RvE1 (60.3 mg, 0.172 mmol) in methanol (1 mL) and tocopherol (2.1 mg pre-dissolved in 0.2 mL of ethyl acetate) was treated with magnesium lysinate (27.1 mg, 0.086 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 20 min at 50° C. The solution cooled slightly, was concentrated in vacuo, and then placed in a vacuum oven at room temperature for 3 hr to afford 85 mg (97%) of bis(RvE1) magnesium L-lysinate salt as a very pale orange crisp foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetic Acid-d4) δ 6.61-6.46 (m, 4H), 6.33 (dd, J=14.8, 10.6 Hz, 2H), 6.24 (dd, J=14.6, 10.5 Hz, 2H), 6.10 (td, J=11.1, 4.1 Hz, 4H), 5.79 (dd, J=14.9, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 5.69 (dd, J=15.2, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 5.45 (dt, J=14.6, 8.9 Hz, 4H), 4.71 (q, J=7.5, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 2H),4.15 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 2H),4.04 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.50 (ddq, J=28.8, 14.7, 7.0 Hz, 4H), 2.39 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 2.02-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.81-1.46 (m, 20H), 0.89 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 6H).

Example 4: Synthesis of bis RvE1 Ca di-(L)-lysinate Salt

A solution of RvE1 (74.2 mg, 0.212 mmol) in methanol (0.7 mL) and tocopherol (2.6 mg pre-dissolved in 0.2 mL of ethyl acetate) was treated with a solution of calcium lysinate (35 mg, 0.106 mmol) in MeOH (0.6 mL) and the mixture stirred for 20 min at 50° C. The solution cooled slightly, was concentrated in vacuo, and then placed in a vacuum oven at room temperature for 3 hr to afford 104 mg (96%) of bis(RvE1) calcium L-lysinate salt as a pale orange solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 6.64 (td, J=11.5, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (dd, J=15.3, 11.1 Hz, 2H), 6.42-6.29 (m, 4H), 6.20 (t, J=11.0 Hz, 4H), 5.89-5.79 (m, 2H), 5.76 (dd, J=15.3, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 5.57-5.46 (m, 2H), 5.44 (t, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 4.67 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 2H),3.59 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.06-2.95 (m, 4H), 2.51 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.20 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.81 (dtd, J=9.1, 6.4, 2.7 Hz, 4H), 1.75-1.37 (m, 24H), 0.88 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 6H).

Example 5: Synthesis of AT-RvD1 (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,13,15,19-hexaenoic acid (17-epi-RvD1)

Step 1: methyl (Z)-6-((4S,5R)-5-((R,1E,3E,7E,11Z)-9-hydroxytetradeca-1,3,7,11-tetraen-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)hex-4-enoate

A mixture of (R,1E,5Z)-1-iodoocta-1,5-dien-3-ol (1.18 g, 4.03 mmol) and methyl (Z)-6-((4S,5R)-5-((1E,3E)-hexa-1,3-dien-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)hex-4-enoate (1.13 g, 3.71 mmol) was azeotropically dried with anhydrous acetonitrile (25 mL). The mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (43 mL), degassed and purged with nitrogen (2×), treated with bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)chloride (388.3 mg, 0.553 mmol) and copper iodide (516.9 mg, 2.71 mol), degassed, cooled to 0° C., treated with triethylamine (2.7 mL, 19.4 mmol), stirred for 2 hr at 0° C., warmed to room temperature, and stirred overnight. After 18.5 hr, TLC (30% EtOAc/hexane) showed the limiting reagent was consumed, and pH 7 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer (20 mL) and EtOAc (80 mL) were added to the flask. The layers were separated and the combined organic solution was washed with water (until Cu was gone), brine (50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was purified by flash chromatography (140 mL silica gel, 20-30% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 0.46 g (29%) of methyl (Z)-6-((4S,5R)-5-((R,1E,3E,7E,11Z)-9-hydroxytetradeca-1,3,7,11-tetraen-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)hex-4-enoate. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.59 (dd, J=15.4, 11.0 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J=14.6, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (m, 1H), 6.16 (dd, J=15.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (m, 1H), 5.75 (m, 1H), 5.67-5.54 (m, 1H), 5.44 (p, J=6.5, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 5.41-5.28 (m, 1H), 4.59 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.34-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.30 (m, 6H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.70 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 0.97 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: methyl (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,15,19-pentaen-13-ynoate

A solution of methyl (Z)-6-((4S,5R)-5-((R,1E,3E,7E,11Z)-9-hydroxytetradeca-1,3,7,11-tetraen-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)hex-4-enoate (0.38 g, 0.883 mmol) in methanol (31 mL) was treated with 1M HCl (8 mL, 8 mmol) and stirred at room temperature. After 4 hr TLC (50% EtOAc/hexane, permanganate stain) showed completion. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (40 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water (60 mL), brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using the Biotage Isolera (25 g silica, 45-90% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 0.34 g (99%) of methyl (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,15,19-pentaen-13-ynoate as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.60 (dd, J=15.4, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J=15.4, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.16 (dd, J=15.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.93-5.82 (m, 2H), 5.75 (dd, J=15.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.66-5.54 (m, 1H), 5.48 (td, J=4.8, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 5.40-5.28 (m, 1H), 4.23 (m, 2H), 3.72 (dq, J=8.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.53 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.15 (m, 9H), 2.05 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 1.71 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Step 3: methyl (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,13,15,19-hexaenoate

Zinc dust (22.3 g, 341 mmol) and water (250 mL) were added to a flask and degassed by passing a stream of nitrogen through the solution for 15 min. Copper(II) acetate monohydrate (2.24 g, 11.2 mmol) was added and the degassing continued for 15 min. Silver nitrate (2.24 g, 13.2 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min under continued nitrogen degassing. The mixture was filtered through a medium fritted Buchner funnel and the remaining solid was washed with water (2×50 mL), methanol (2×50 mL), acetone (2×50 mL) and diethyl ether (2×50 mL). The zinc mixture was quickly transferred to a flask containing 1:1 methanol/water (220 mL) and was treated with a solution of methyl (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,15,19-pentaen-13-ynoate (350 mg, 0.901 mmol) in methanol (325 mL), trimethylsilyl chloride (1.56 mL, 12.2 mmol), and stirred overnight. The reaction was monitored by GCMS and showed 100% conversion after 22 hours. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite (100 mL, filter cake was rinsed with methanol until all product had passed through the Celite), and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature<30° C.) until ˜80% of the initial volume was removed. To the remaining solution was added brine (50 mL) and EtOAc (80 mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature<30° C.). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (40 mL silica gel, 50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 288 mg (82%) of methyl (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,13,15,19-hexaenoate as a glassy, pale yellow solid. Note: One drop of (+)-α-tocopherol was added to the purified product before the solvent was removed. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.79-6.65 (m, 2H), 6.40 (dd, J=15.1, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (dd, J=14.6, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.08-5.96 (m, 2H), 5.80 (ddd, J=15.1, 12.6, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 5.64-5.54 (m, 1H), 5.49 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 5.41-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.19 (m, 2H), 3.71 (dt, J=7.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.51-2.15 (m, 10H), 2.14-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.75 (s, 1H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Step 4: (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihdroxdocosa-4,9,11,13,15,19-hexaenoic acid (17-epi-RvD1)

A cooled (3° C.) solution of methyl (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,13,15,19-hexaenoate (246 mg, 0.630 mmol) in THF (13 mL) was treated with 1M aqueous LiOH solution (3.8 mL, 3.8 mmol). After stirring for 22 hr at 3° C. TLC (EtOAc, CAM stain) showed completion. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (60 mL) and acidified to pH 7-8 with pH 7 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer (˜17 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc until product was no longer in aqueous layer (6×10 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water (25 mL), brine (15 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), tocopherol (4.2 mg) was added, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 207 mg (87%) of (4Z,7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17R,19Z)-7,8,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,9,11,13,15,19-hexaenoic acid (17-epi-RvD1) as a translucent yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.69 (m, 1H), 6.42-6.27 (m, 1H), 6.29-6.16 (m, 1H), 6.04-5.92 (m, 2H), 5.77 (m, 2H), 5.59-5.40 (m, 3H), 5.38-5.27 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.61 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.12 (m, 8H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.34-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.01-0.88 (m, 3H), 0.88-0.76 (m, 1H).

Example 6: Synthesis of AT-RvD1 (L,L)-Lysyllysine Salt

A solution of 17-epi-RvD1 (27.4 mg, 72.8 μmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) and tocopherol (0.9 mg pre-dissolved in 0.2 mL of ethyl acetate) was treated with L-lysyl-L-lysine (19.9 mg, 72.5 μmol) and the mixture stirred for 20 min at 50 degrees C. The solution cooled slightly, was concentrated in vacuo, and then placed in a vacuum oven at room temperature for 3 hr to afford 47 mg (100%) of 17-epi-RvD1 (L,L)-Lysyllysine salt as a pale orange crisp foam. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.80-6.68 (m, 2H), 6.40 (dd, J=14.8, 11.0 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dd, J=14.5, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (p, J=10.8 Hz, 2H),5.87 (dd, J=15.0, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J=15.1, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.57-5.42 (m, 3H), 5.43-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=7.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.58-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.35 (m, 1H), 2.91 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.40-2.15 (m, 8H), 2.06 (p, J=8.1, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (dt, J=13.2, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.45 (dq, J=16.5, 9.0, 8.0 Hz, 4H), 0.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 7: Synthesis of bis AT-RvD1 Mg di-(L)-lysinate Salt

A solution of 17-epi-RvD1 (35.9 mg, 95.4 μmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) and tocopherol (1.3 mg pre-dissolved in 0.2 mL of ethyl acetate) was treated with magnesium L-lysinate (15 mg, 47.7 μmol) and the mixture stirred for 20 min at 50° C. The solution cooled slightly, was concentrated in vacuo, and then placed in a vacuum oven at room temperature for 3 hr to afford 51 mg (100%) of bis(17-epi-RvD1) magnesium L-lysinate salt as a glassy orange solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetic Acid-d4) δ 6.81-6.69 (m, 4H), 6.41 (dd, J=15.2, 10.8 Hz, 2H), 6.28 (dd, J=14.6, 10.7 Hz, 2H), 6.09-5.94 (m, 4H), 5.86 (dd, J=15.1, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.77 (dd, J=15.1, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.49 (m, 6H), 5.36 (dt, J=11.7, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.23 (m, 4H), 4.08-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.02 (m, 4H), 2.45-2.25 (m, 16H), 2.09-1.91 (m, 8H), 1.75 (dt, J=14.4, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 1.58 (m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 6H).

Example 8: Synthesis of RvD2 (4Z,7S,8E,10Z,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,10,12,14,19-hexaenoic acid)

Step 1: (S,4Z,8E,12E,14E)-methyl 15-((4R,5S,)-2,2-dimethyl-5-((Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-7-hydroxypentadeca-4,8,12,14-tetraen-10-ynotae

A mixture of (4R,5S)-4-((1E,3E)-4-iodobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-5-((Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolane (1.68 g, 4.83 mmol) and methyl-(S,4Z,8E)-7-hydroxyundeca-4,8-dien-10-ynoate (0.919 g, 4.41 mmol) was azeotropically dried with anhydrous acetonitrile (3×5 mL). The mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (50 mL), degassed under vacuum and purged with nitrogen (2×), treated with bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)chloride (0.318 g, 0.453 mmol) and copper iodide (0.315 g, 1.65 mmol), degassed, cooled to 0° C., treated with triethylamine (3.05 mL, 21.9 mmol), stirred for 2 hr at 0° C., and warmed to room temperature overnight. After 18 hr, TLC (20% EtOAc/hexane) showed the reaction was complete and pH 7 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer (75 mL) was added to the flask. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer washed with EtOAc (150 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water (2×75 mL), brine (50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was purified by flash chromatography (30% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 1.48 g (79%) of (S,4Z,8E,12E,14E)-methyl 15-((4R,5S,)-2,2-dimethyl-5-((Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-7-hydroxypentadeca-4,8,12,14-tetraen-10-ynotae as a brown oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.59 (dd, J=15.4, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (dd, J=15.0, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (dd, J=15.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 5.81-5.70 (m, 2H), 5.48 (m, 3H), 5.31 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.54 (m, 1H), 4.26 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.13 (m, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.43-2.33 (m, 6H), 2.27 (dt, J=14.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.20-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: (4Z,7S,8E,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-methyl 7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,12,14,19-pentaen-10-ynoate

A solution of (S,4Z,8E,12E,14E)-methyl 15-((4R,5S,)-2,2-dimethyl-5-((Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-7-hydroxypentadeca-4,8,12,14-tetraen-10-ynotae (1.48 g, 3.45 mmol) in methanol (75 mL) was treated with 1M HCl (19 mL, 18.9 mmol). After stirring for 2 hr TLC (50% EtOAc/hexane, permanganate stain) showed the reaction was complete. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (60 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×150 mL). The organic solution was washed with water (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), treated with one drop of (+)-α-tocopherol, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 1.03 g (77%) of (4Z,7S,8E,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-methyl 7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,12,14,19-pentaen-10-ynoate. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.60 (dd, J=15.4, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (dd, J=15.2, 11.0 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (dd, J=15.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.95-5.81 (m, 2H), 5.75 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 5.64-5.48 (m, 2H), 5.51-5.40 (m, 1H), 5.37 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.20 (m, 2H), 3.73 (dt, J=8.6, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.34 (m, 6H), 2.29 (dt, J=16.1, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.21-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.98 (m, 2H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Step 3: (4Z,7S,8E,10Z,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-methyl 7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,10,12,14,19-hexaenoate

Zinc dust (63.68 g, 973.6 mmol) and water (750 mL) were added to a flask and degassed by passing a stream of nitrogen through the solution for 15 min. Copper(II) acetate monohydrate (6.35 g, 31.81 mmol) was added and the degassing continued for another 15 min. Silver nitrate (6.35 g, 37.38 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min under continued nitrogen degassing. The mixture was filtered through a medium fritted Buchner funnel and the remaining solid was washed with water (2×160 mL), methanol (2×160 mL), acetone (2×160 mL) and ether (2×160 mL). The activated zinc was quickly transferred to a flask containing 1:1 methanol/water (320 mL) and was treated with a solution of (4Z,7S,8E,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-methyl 7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,12,14,19-pentaen-10-ynoate (1.03 g, 2.65 mmol) in methanol (1 L), trimethylsilyl chloride (4.4 mL, 34.4 mmol), and stirred overnight. The reaction was monitored by GCMS and showed 100% conversion after 22 hours. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite (filter cake was rinsed with methanol), and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature was kept below 27° C.) until ˜70% of the initial volume was removed. To the remaining solution was added water and EtOAc until two layers formed. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄), treated with one drop of (+)-α-tocopherol, and concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature was kept below 27° C.) to afford 1.27 g (82%) of crude product as a light yellow oil. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.78-6.67 (m, 1H), 6.37 (m, 1H), 6.32-6.22 (m, 1H), 6.03 (m, 1H), 5.84-5.73 (m, 1H), 5.60-5.42 (m, 3H), 5.40-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=26.6 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (dq, J=9.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.45-2.32 (m, 6H), 2.32-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 0.96 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Step 4: (4Z,7S,8E,10Z,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,10,12,14,19-hexaenoic Acid (RvD2)

A cooled (0° C.) solution of (4Z,7S,8E,10Z,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-methyl 7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,10,12,14,19-hexaenoate (1.03 g, 2.64 mmol) in THF (54 mL) under nitrogen was treated with 1M LiOH solution (16.5 mL, 16.5 mmol) and stirred for 1 d at 4° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (150 mL) and acidified (pH 7-8) with pH 7 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer (175 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous solution was extracted well with EtOAc (6×75 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.94 g (75%) of (4Z,7S,8E,10Z,12E,14E,16R,17S,19Z)-7,16,17-trihydroxydocosa-4,8,10,12,14,19-hexaenoic acid (RvD2) as an opaque, yellow oil. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.76-6.67 (m, 2H), 6.40 (dd, J=15.2, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=14.7, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.06-5.97 (m, 2H), 5.79 (m, 2H), 5.59-5.44 (m, 3H), 5.40-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.28 (q, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=6.9, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (dt, J=8.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.32 (m, 6H), 2.31-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.18 (dt, J=14.8, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (m, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 0.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 9: Synthesis of RvD2 (L,L)-Lysyllysine Salt

A 50° C. solution of L,L-lysyllysine (58.9 mg, 0.215 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) was treated with a solution of tocopherol (2.8 mg in 0.2 mL of EtOAc) and a solution of RvD2 (84.5 mg, 0.224 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL). The solution stirred for 20 minutes, cooled slightly, and was concentrated in vacuo. The oil was re-suspended in HPLC grade acetonitrile (˜3 mL), cooled to 0° C., and stirred for 3 hours to triturate the solid. Only a small amount of filterable solid formed and the suspension was stored at −20° C. overnight. The material was filtered and dried overnight in a vacuum oven (ambient temperature) to afford 46 mg (33%) of RvD2 L,L-lysyllysine salt as a light orange solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.81-6.70 (m, 2H), 6.39 (dd, J=14.7, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dd, J=14.4, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.08-5.95 (m, 2H), 5.85 (dd, J=15.0, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (dd, J=15.1, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.58-5.36 (m, 4H), 4.27 (dd, J=7.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dt, J=8.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 4H), 2.34 (m, 5H), 2.26-2.14 (m, 3H), 2.10-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.68 (m, 6H), 1.47 (m, 4H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 10: Synthesis of bis RvD2 Mg di-(L)-lysinate Salt

A 50° C. solution of magnesium L-lysinate (40 mg, 0.127 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) was treated with a solution of tocopherol (3.1 mg in 0.2 mL of EtOAc) and a solution of RvD2 (104.6 mg, 0.278 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL). The mixture stirred for 20 minutes, cooled slightly, and was concentrated in vacuo. The foam was re-suspended in HPLC grade acetonitrile (3 mL), stirred for 1.5 hours to triturate the solid, filtered, and dried overnight in a vacuum oven (ambient temperature) to afford 107 mg (79%) of bis(RvD2) magnesium L-lysinate salt as a light orange solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetic Acid-d4) δ 6.83-6.69 (m, 4H), 6.41 (dd, J=15.1, 10.8 Hz, 2H), 6.29 (dd, J=14.5, 10.8 Hz, 2H), 6.10-5.96 (m, 4H), 5.87 (dd, J=15.1, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.79 (dd, J=15.1, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.54-5.34 (m, 8H), 4.33 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (dd, J=7.1, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (m, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 2.39-2.27 (m, 16H), 2.10-1.93 (m, 8H), 1.76 (m, 4H), 1.60 (m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 6H).

Example 11: Synthesis of PDX (L,L)-Lysyllysine Salt

A 50° C. solution of L,L-lysyllysine (55.7 mg, 0.203 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) was treated with a solution of tocopherol (1.8 mg in 0.2 mL of EtOAc) and a solution of PDX (80.0 mg, 0.222 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL). The solution stirred for 20 minutes, cooled slightly, and was concentrated in vacuo. The foam was re-suspended in HPLC grade acetonitrile (˜3 mL), stirred for 3 hours to triturate the solid, filtered, and dried overnight in the vacuum oven (ambient temperature) to afford 52 mg (39%) of PDX L,L-lysyllysine salt as a very sticky, orange solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.70 (dd, J=14.6, 9.3 Hz, 2H), 6.01-5.89 (m, 2H), 5.71 (ddd, J=14.8, 8.0, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 5.51-5.25 (m, 6H), 4.24 (dd, J=7.7, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.38 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 2.82 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.40-2.21 (m, 6H), 2.21-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.04 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m, 6H), 1.45 (m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 12: Synthesis of bis PDX Mg di-(L)-lysinate Salt

A 50° C. solution of magnesium L-lysinate (40.1 mg, 0.127 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) was treated with a solution of tocopherol (2.2 mg in 0.2 mL of EtOAc) and a solution of PDX (103.0 mg, 0.286 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL). The solution stirred for 20 minutes, cooled slightly and was concentrated in vacuo. The oil was re-suspended in HPLC grade acetonitrile (˜3 mL), stirred for 1.5 hr to triturate the solid, filtered, and dried overnight in a vacuum oven (ambient temperature) to afford 68 mg (50%) of bis(PDX) magnesium L-lysinate salt as a slightly tacky orange solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetic Acid-d4) δ 6.74 (dd, J=15.2, 7.8 Hz, 4H), 6.04-5.92 (m, 4H), 5.76 (ddd, J=15.0, 6.4, 3.6 Hz, 4H), 5.53-5.29 (m, 12H), 4.30 (dq, J=13.0, 6.4 Hz, 4H), 4.04 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 2.83 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 2.53-2.24 (m, 16H), 2.10-1.92 (m, 8H), 1.75 (m, 4H), 1.59 (dt, J=15.1, 6.4 Hz, 4H), 0.93 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 6H).

Example 13: Synthesis of LXA4 (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,11,13-tetraenoic acid)

Step 1: ethyl 4-((4S,5R)-5-((S,1E,3E,7E)-9-hydroxytetradeca-1,3,7-trien-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)butanoate

A degassed solution of ethyl 4-((4S,5R)-5-((1E,3E)-hexa-1,3-dien-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)butanoate (2.28 g, 7.80 mmol) in benzene (10 mL) was added to a degassed solution of (S,E)-1-iodooct-1-en-3-ol (2.64 g, 10.39 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (363 mg, 0.517 mmol), and copper(I) iodide (181 mg, 0.950 mmol) in benzene (34 mL) under argon. Peperidine (3.8 mL, 38.5 mmol) was added, the mixture was degassed and purged with argon, and stirred at room temperature under argon atmosphere. After 2 hr, TLC (20% EtOAc/hexane, permanganate stain) showed consumption of the limiting reagent. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (125 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2×40 mL) and brine (40 mL). The organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was dissolved in 50% EtOAc/hexane and purified by flash chromatography (700 mL silica gel, 40-50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 2.84 g (86%) of ethyl 4-((4S,5R)-5-((S,1E,3E,7E)-9-hydroxytetradeca-1,3,7-trien-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)butanoate as a light amber oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.58 (dd, J=15.5, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dd, J=15.2, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.14 (dd, J=15.9, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (dt, J=15.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.78-5.65 (m, 2H), 4.55 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.06 (m, 4H), 2.32 (td, J=7.4, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (ddtd, J=12.6, 10.1, 7.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.72-1.48 (m, 5H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.47-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.30 (q, J=3.7, 2.8 Hz, 4H), 1.25 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.94-0.79 (m, 3H).

Step 2: ethyl (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoate

A solution of ethyl 4-((4S,5R)-5-((S,1E,3E,7E)-9-hydroxytetradeca-1,3,7-trien-5-yn-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)butanoate (2.84 g, 6.79 mmol) in EtOH (110 mL) was treated with 1M HCl (34 mL, 34 mmol) and stirred at room temperature. After 16 hr, TLC (EtOAc, permanganate stain) showed completion. The reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water (100 mL), brine (150 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The amber oil was purified by flash chromatography (400 mL silica gel, 50% then 80% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 1.57 g (61%) of ethyl (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoate as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.58 (dd, J=15.4, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (dd, J=15.3, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (dd, J=15.8, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (dd, J=15.3, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (dd, J=15.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (dtd, J=17.6, 6.9, 3.3 Hz, 4H), 3.70 (dq, J=8.3, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (td, J=7.3, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (ddq, J=13.2, 9.2, 7.0, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.28 (m, 10H), 1.25 (td, J=7.1, 2.3 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 3H).

Step 3: ethyl (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,11,13-tetraenoate

Zinc dust (104.6 g, 1.6 mol) and water (1.2 L) were added to a flask and degassed by passing a stream of nitrogen through the solution for 15 min. Copper(II) acetate monohydrate (10.4 g, 52 mmol) was added and the degassing continued for 15 min. Silver nitrate (10.3 g, 61 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min under continued nitrogen degassing. The mixture was filtered (#2 filter paper, Buchner funnel) and the remaining solid was washed with water (2×100 mL), methanol (2×100 mL), acetone (2×100 mL) and diethyl ether (2×100 mL). The zinc was quickly transferred to a flask containing 1:1 methanol/water (840 mL) and was treated with a solution of ethyl (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoate (1.57 g, 4.15 mmol) in methanol (400 mL) and trimethylsilyl chloride (7 mL, 55 mmol). The suspension stirred overnight at room temperature under nitrogen. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS and showed >99% conversion after 23 hours. The mixture was filtered (100 mL Celite between two 185 mm #2 filter papers in a Buchner funnel) and the filter cake was rinsed with methanol until no product remained on the cake. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature<35° C.) until ˜99% of the initial volume was removed. The remaining solution was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and brine (30 mL) and a small amount of sodium chloride was added. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic solution was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo (water bath temperature<30° C.). The crude yellow wax was dissolved in 1:1 DCM/hexane and purified by flash chromatography (300 mL silica gel, 50% EtOAc/hexane then 75% once the product started eluting) to afford 1.26 g (80%) of ethyl (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,11,13-tetraenoate as a sticky, translucent, yellow wax. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.76-6.63 (m, 1H), 6.44-6.19 (m, 4H), 6.10-5.96 (m, 1H), 5.77 (ddd, J=15.6, 9.1, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.24-4.17 (m, 1H), 4.12 (qd, J=7.2, 2.7 Hz, 3H), 3.70 (s, 1H), 2.40-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.19 (m, 14H), 0.94-0.82 (m, 3H).

Step 4: (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,11,13-tetraenoic acid (LxA4)

A cooled (4° C.) solution of ethyl (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,11,13-tetraenoate (1.26 g, 3.31 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was treated with 1M LiOH solution (20 mL, 20 mmol). After stirring for 15 hr at 4° C., TLC (EtOAc, permanganate stain) showed completion. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL) and acidified to pH 7-8 with pH 7 0.2M sodium phosphate buffer (˜30 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc until product was no longer in the aqueous layer. The combined organic solution was washed with water (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), tocopherol (5 mg) was added, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.77 g (66%) of (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-5,6,15-trihydroxyicosa-7,9,11,13-tetraenoic acid as an opaque, light yellow powder. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.82-6.64 (m, 2H), 6.38 (dd, J=14.7, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (dd, J=14.5, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.07-5.93 (m, 2H), 5.83 (dd, J=15.0, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (dd, J=15.0, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (q, J=5.9 Hz, 1H),3.98 (ddd, J=6.6, 5.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (ddd, J=9.3, 5.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.90-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.26 (m, 11H), 0.97-0.84 (m, 3H).

Example 14: Synthesis of bis LXA4 Mg di-(L)-lysinate Salt

A solution of LxA4 (84.4.3 mg, 0.240 mmol) in methanol (1.6 mL) and tocopherol (3.3 mg pre-dissolved in 0.2 mL of ethyl acetate) was treated with magnesium L-lysinate (37.7 mg, 0.120 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 20 min at 50° C. The solution cooled slightly, was concentrated in vacuo, and then placed in a vacuum oven at room temperature overnight to afford 122 mg (100%) of bis(LxA4) magnesium L-lysinate salt as a very pale orange solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 6.80-6.64 (m, 4H), 6.37 (ddd, J=15.1, 10.8, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 6.27 (dd, J=14.5, 10.8 Hz, 2H), 6.06-5.92 (m, 4H), 5.83 (dd, J=15.0, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (dd, J=15.0, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (q, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (ddd, J=6.5, 5.0, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 3.57-3.47 (m, 4H), 2.91 (dd, J=8.2, 6.8 Hz, 4H), 2.19 (ddd, J=9.0, 7.0, 2.3 Hz, 4H), 1.91-1.41 (m, 24H), 1.37-1.26 (m, 12H), 0.94-0.86 (m, 6H).

Example 15: Compounds of Formulas I and IV Show Increased Stability Against Degradation

The stability of selected SPMs and their ionic derivatives based on Formulas I and IV was evaluated. The parent SPM and its solid ionic derivative were place in open test tubes and maintained at room temperature between 68-72 F and relative humidity between 20-40% for 6 or 8 weeks. Qualitative demonstration of stability was determined using standard high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytic methods. Briefly, HPLC analysis was performed on a PFP column (Poroshell 120, PFP, 4.6×150 mm, 2.7 m, Agilent), mounted on a Gilson HPLC system equipped with an ELS detector. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient between solution A, water, and solution B, acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The gradient program was 30-80% with respect to solution B. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The appearance of new HPLC peaks as compared to the baseline HPLC tracing at the initial time point is indicative of decomposition products and the lack of stability. The absence of such new HPLC peaks the subsequent time points is indicative of stability.

At the initial time point, RvE1 elutes as a single major peak at retention time (rt) 7 minutes, with minor degradation products at 15 and 17.5 minutes (FIG. 1A). Following 8 weeks exposure to the test conditions described above, RvE1 had extensively degraded, as indicated by the appearance of multiple peaks corresponding to degradation products at rt 15 through 25 minutes (FIG. 1B).

In contrast, under the same conditions, RvE1 magnesium (Mg) di-lysinate did not exhibit any degradation products. At the initial time point, RvE1 Mg di-lysinate elutes as two peaks representing its dissociation into RvE1 (at rt 7 min.) and lysine (at rt 3 min.) from the RvE1 Mg di-lysinate salt (compare FIGS. 2A and 2B).

Similarly, the calcium (Ca) di-lysinate salt form of RvE1 exhibited the same enhanced stability profile observed for the Mg di-lysinate salt form (compare FIG. 3A to 3B). In this example and as was observed for the Mg di-lysinate salt, at both the initial time point and after 6 weeks of exposure to the test conditions, the compound elutes as two peaks, RvE1 (rt 7 min) and lysine (rt 3 min) relecting dissociation of the RvE1 Ca di-lysinate salt. No additional peaks corresponding to degradation products were observed.

A representative compound of Formula I, a lysyl lysine (lys lys) salt form of RvE1, showed the same enhanced stability. Like the compounds of Formula IV, at the initial time point, RvE1 lys lys elutes as two peaks, RvE1 (rt 7 min) and lysine (rt 3 min) (FIG. 4A). After 8 weeks under the test conditions described above, these same two peaks are present, without degradation products (FIG. 4B).

In summary, these results show that the free acid form of RvE1 experienced significant degradation during 8 weeks of exposure to the test conditions (compare FIG. 1A to 1B), while representative compounds of Formulas I and IV having RvE1 as the SPM component showed no degradation of the SPM under the same conditions for the same or similar periods of time. These results indicate that compounds of Formulas I and IV can significantly improve the stability of the free acid form of an SPM that is otherwise unstable under the conditions used here.

Example 16: RvE1-Mg-Di-Lysinate Shows Efficacy in Pre-Clinical Mouse Model of Colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are idiopathic, chronic relapsing and remitting, non-specific inflammatory diseases, predominantly affecting the small intestine, colon and rectum. Acute episodes of IBD can be debilitating, characterized by diarrhea, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain.

A representative compound of Formula IV, RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate, was tested for efficacy in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model of colitis. In this model system, DSS exposure disrupts intestinal barrier function, stimulating local inflammation and inducing a colitis phenotype that mimics the clinical and histopathological features of IBD. See e.g., Laroui H et al. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induces colitis in mice by forming nano-lipocomplexes with medium-chain-length fatty acids in the colon. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7 (3):e32084.

In the present study, 8-week old male C57Bl/6J mice were randomized by weight to three experimental groups and administered 2% DSS (w/v) in drinking water for 7 days. Beginning on study day 0, animals were administered either RvE-Mg-di-lysinate (RvE-Mg-Lys), an equimolar dose of RvE1, or vehicle via once-daily oral gavage. Disease activity was assessed daily using an established Disease Activity Index (DAI). See e.g., Morin C, Blier P U, Fortin S. MAG-EPA reduces severity of DSS-induced colitis in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016; 310 (10):G808-21. All animals were sacrificed after 7 days of DSS exposure and colons and spleens were harvested. Gross morphological markers of disease activity, including colon length and normalized spleen weight (mg per g body weight) were assessed.

As shown in Table 6, RvE1-Mg-Lys treatment was associated with a statistically significant reduction in DAI relative to vehicle control on study day 7, indicating reduced clinical signs of colitis. In addition, RvE1-Mg-Lys was associated with a statistically significant increase in colon length and a trend towards reduced normalized spleen weight, suggesting reduced intestinal and systemic inflammation.

TABLE 6 RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate shows efficacy in pre-clinical mouse model of colitis Control RvE1-Mg-Lys RvE1 (n = 12) (n = 12) (n = 10) Disease Activity Index 7.2 ± 1.9   4.8 ± 1.3 *** 5.6 ± 1.1 ** Colon Length (mm) 68.8 ± 7.5  77.1 ± 7.8 * 75.2 ± 7.6    Normalized Spleen Weight (mg/g BW) 4.5 ± 1.9 3.6 ± 0.9  3.9 ± 0.7   All statistical comparisons made versus control using one-way ANOVA. * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001

These data demonstrate that RvE1-Mg-Lys is orally active and has therapeutic efficacy in a well-established IBD animal model. Interestingly, the improvements in DAI, colon length, and normalized spleen weight associated with RvE1-Mg-Lys were greater than those associated with an equimolar dose of RvE1 itself. Although these differences did not achieve statistical significance, they suggest that the RvE1-Mg-Lys may have increased biological activity compared to RvE1 itself.

Example 17: RvE1-Mg-Di-Lysinate Shows Efficacy in Pre-Clinical Mouse Model of Sub-Chronic Colitis

The model system described in Example 16 represents an acute model of human IBD wherein once daily RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate treatment at a dose of 15 ug/day was used in a prophylactic mode to mitigate the onset of intestinal and systemic inflammation induced by administration of DSS. This is relevant to patients in need of maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of active disease.

In the study described in Example 17, a sub-chronic model was used to induce colitis in 8-week old C57B16/J mice by two cycles of DSS separated by a 10-day recovery period. Once-daily RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate treatment (15 ug/day) was initiated on Day 20, after DSS-induced colitis was established, and continued for 7 days via oral gavage, with mice sacrificed at the end of Day 27. This sub-chronic, 2-cycle DSS protocol was used to induce inflammation with an immunological profile that better models human IBD than a single cycle of DSS. Oh S Y et al. Comparison of experimental mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Mol Med. 2014; 33(2):333-40. This experimental system also provides a representative model for treating patients with active disease where the therapeutic objective is induction of remission. This is important in human IBD because most patients have recurring disease flares. In addition, this study compared RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate to 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA), which is used as standard-of-care first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis and also for certain phenotypes of Crohn's Disease.

Disease activity was assessed daily using the same Disease Activity Index (DAI) that was used in Example 16. Following sacrifice, colons were excised, flushed with ice-cold PBS, their lengths were measured. Subsequently, H&E-stained colon tissue sections from each animal were also scored using an established scoring system of histopathological disease activity. See Dieleman L A, Palmen M J, Akol H, et al. Chronic experimental colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) is characterized by Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998; 114(3):385-91.

As shown Table 7, RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate treatment was associated with a statistically significant reduction in DAI relative to vehicle control on study day 27, indicating reduced clinical signs of colitis.

Notably, on Days 21 and 23, RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate was associated with significant reductions in DAI relative to Disease Control (Day 21, 24% reduction, P<0.01; Day 23, 18% reduction, P<0.05). As this is the timeframe during which the Disease Control mice reached peak DAI, this observation suggests the ability of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate to dampen the onset of inflammation. Furthermore, because these timepoints represent only 1-2 days after the initiation of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate treatment, this observation suggests that RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate has the potential for a rapid onset of action, which is relevant to treatment of active disease.

In addition, RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate was associated with a statistically significant increase in colon length vs Disease Control (P<0.05), a statistically significant reduction in normalized spleen weight (P<0.05) and a non-significant reduction in histopathologic disease activity vs Disease Control measured at the time of sacrifice. Together, these observations suggest that RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate treatment is able to promote tissue repair and healing in the context of ongoing inflammation.

Importantly, the improvements in DAI, colon length and histopathological disease activity associated with RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate were greater than those associated with 5-ASA. Although these differences did not achieve statistical significance, they suggest that RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate has comparable effects to a clinically validated therapeutic agent that is used extensively in treatment of human IBD. Together, these data provide further evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy of orally-administered RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate for the treatment of IBD.

TABLE 7 Control RvE1-Mg-Lys RvE1 (n = 12) (n = 12) (n = 10) Disease Activity Index 7.2 ± 1.9   4.8 ± 1.3 *** 5.6 ± 1.1 ** Colon Length (mm) 68.8 ± 7.5  77.1 ± 7.8 * 75.2 ± 7.6    Normalized Spleen Weight (mg/g BW) 4.5 ± 1.9 3.6 ± 0.9  3.9 ± 0.7   All statistical comparisons made versus control using one-way ANOVA. * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001

Example 18: Concomitant Administration of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate and 5-ASA

In this study, we again used the two-cycle DSS colitis model described above, but with once-daily concomitant therapy of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate (1.5 ug/day) and 5-ASA (625 ug/day). This co-therapy model was used because many patients that would be candidates for RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate treatment will likely continue taking 5-ASA, as this is common clinical practice even when patient are not well controlled on 5-ASA monotherapy.

As shown in Table 8, the effects of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate (1.5 μg/d) were comparable to 5-ASA, with the two drugs associated with similar reductions in terminal DAI scores at the administered doses. Concomitant therapy was associated with effects that were greater than either drug alone, with significant reductions in single-day DAI on Day 21 (44% P<0.01), 22 (47%, P<0.01), 23 (47%, P<0.01), and 27 (47%, P<0.05, Table 8). Co-therapy was also associated with greater changes in colon length or spleen weight than either drug administered alone, though these changes did not achieve statistical significance. Finally, co-therapy was associated with a significant reduction in histopathological disease activity (P<0.05) that was greater than either drug alone. These findings suggest the possibility that RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of 5-ASA, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes.

TABLE 8 RvE1-Mg-Lys + Control RvE1-Mg-Lys 5-ASA 5-ASA Combo (n = 13) (n = 12) (n = 6) (n = 12) Dose (ug/d) — 1.5 625  1.5 ± 625 Disease Activity Index  4.2 ± 1.1 3.7 ± 1.6 3.3 ± 0.8 2.9 ± 1 * Colon Length (mm) 75.9 ± 3.1 77.3 ± 3   78.7 ± 6.7  81.5 ± 8.7  Normalized Spleen Weight (mg/g BW)  6.2 ± 1.4 6.6 ± 0.5 4.1 ± 1.3 4.4 ± 1.3 Total Histopath Score 20.3 ± 4.2 17.6 ± 2.7   16 ± 3.8  12.4 ± 3.6 * All statistical comparisons made versus control using one-way ANOVA. * = P < 0.05, **= P < 0.01, ***= p < 0.001

Although RvE1 has been shown to have therapeutic effects in multiple animal models of colitis when administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection, including the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), tri-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), and the T Cell adoptive transfer mouse models of UC, to the best of our knowledge, the studies discussed above are the first time an RvE1-based therapy has been shown to have therapeutic effects when administered orally in a colitis model. See Ishida T et al. Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, prevents dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010; 16(1):87-95; Arita M et al. Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102(21):7671-6; Campbell E L et al. Resolvin E1-induced intestinal alkaline phosphatase promotes resolution of inflammation through LPS detoxification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107(32):14298-303; Savinainen A et al. Resolvin E1 (RX-10001) inhibits inflammation in acute and chronic murine models of colitis. Inflam Res Assoc Annual Meeting. 2008.

Example 19: Single Oral Pharmacokinetics Study

To establish the oral pharmacokinetics (PK) of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate, a study was conducted to investigate RvE1 exposure in blood plasma, small intestine tissue, and colon tissue following a single oral dose of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate (10 mg/kg) in 8-week old male C57BL6/J mice at various time points up to 8 hours post-dose. RvE1 levels were quantified in all tissue samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic curves for all tissue compartments are shown in FIG. 5 and a summary of pharmacokinetic metrics is shown in Table 9.

TABLE 10 Blood Small Intestine Colon AUC0-8 (ng/ml*hr) 128.0 532.9 72.9 Cmax (ng/ml) 470.7 345.9 19.8 Tmax (hr) 0.25 2.0 4.0

Together, the patterns of RvE1 exposure in blood plasma, small intestine, and colon following a single oral dose of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate revealed several features of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate's pharmacokinetic profile that were unexpected based on previously reported data with RvE1 administered interperitoneally. First, the timing of RvE1 C_(max) in the small intestine (2 hours) and colon (4 hours) following oral administration are correlated with normal gastrointestinal transit times in the mouse. These data indicate that a significant fraction of the RvE1 delivered by RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate is not absorbed into the systemic circulation and instead remains in and transits through the gastrointestinal tract. Because small intestine and colon tissue samples were flushed thoroughly to remove intestinal contents, the RvE1 detected in these samples is likely present within the tissue, indicating local absorption into these tissues from the intestinal and colonic lumen. Second, diminutive increases in blood plasma RvE1 levels were observed at timepoints corresponding to small intestine and colon C_(max), indicating that RvE1 absorbed into these tissues is not transported into systemic circulation in significant amounts. While small increases in RvE1 in the small intestine and colon were observed at the time of blood plasma C_(max) (15 minutes), these concentrations were much lower than the intestinal and colonic C_(max) and contributed to less than 2% of the total RvE1 detected in colon tissue.

Together, these data indicate that oral administration of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate results in delivery of a significant portion of RvE1 to the tissues of the small intestine and colon through absorption directly from the intestinal and colonic lumen. The remaining fraction of orally administered RvE1 is absorbed into the systemic circulation, where it is susceptible to first pass hepatic metabolism and may also cause off-target effects in other tissues. Our data indicate that a targeted oral dosage form adapted to release RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate in the lower gastrointestinal tract, would be a highly efficient delivery vehicle. For example, such a targeted dosage form would contribute to therapeutic efficacy by increasing both the local concentration of RvE1 in the target tissues and the amount of time that the concentration is at or above the therapeutic threshold in the target tissue. Importantly, the colon tissue C_(max) observed in our PK study was significantly higher than the picomolar to low nanomolar concentration range at which endogenous RvE1 has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving effects (see Serhan C. N. Discovery of specialized pro-resolving mediators marks the dawn of resolution physiology and pharmacology. Mol Aspects Med. 2017; 58:1-11), suggesting that RvE1 absorbed from the lumen is present in concentrations sufficient to exert pharmacological effects.

Example 20: Intracolonic Delivery in the DSS Colitis Model

To further test the biological effects on disease activity of luminal absorption of RvE1 administered orally in the form of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate, we compared direct intracolonic administration (similar to an enema) with oral administration. Whereas we had previously established that oral administration of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate results in systemic and local colonic exposure to RvE1, intracolonic administration results in predominantly local exposure.

We again used the two-cycle DSS colitis model described above, with treatment initiated on Day 20 and continued for 7 days, with mice sacrificed at the end of Day 27. To facilitate intracolonic drug delivery, mice were anesthetized via exposure to 2-4% isoflurane gas. Intracolonic administration of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate or vehicle was performed, with all animals inverted for 5 minutes following dose administration. Intracolonic administration of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate was associated with a significant reduction in DAI (P<0.01), colon length (P<0.05), spleen weight (P<0.05) and histopathological disease activity (P<0.05). Notably, the effects of intracolonic RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate on these endpoints were comparable to an equivalent dose of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate administered orally in the same two-cycle DSS colitis model (Table 10 below).

TABLE 11 Control RvE1-Mg-Lys Control RvE1-Mg-Lys (n = 13) (n = 12) (n = 12) (n = 18) Dose (ug/d) — 15 — 15 Route of Administration Oral Oral Intracolonic Intracolonic Disease Activity Index  4.2 ± 1.1 2.6 ± 1.8 *  5.8 ± 2.1  2.6 ± 1.9 ** Colon Length (mm) 75.9 ± 3.1 82.7 ± 5.6 *  76.4 ± 5.2 83.1 ± 5.4 *  Normalized Spleen Weight (mg/g BW)  6.2 ± 1.4 4.4 ± 1.4 *  6.1 ± 1.0 4.3 ± 0.9 * Total Histopath Score 20.3 ± 4.2 15.9 ± 6.0   21.1 ± 5.9  15 ± 2.7 * All statistical comparisons made versus control using one-way ANOVA. * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.01, ***= p < 0.001

Pharmacokinetic analysis of blood and colon tissue samples were collected in the course of the intracolonic efficacy study and these confirmed that intracolonic administration of RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate is associated with predominantly local RvE1 exposure and minimal uptake into circulation. In both the blood and colon, RvE1 T_(max) occurred 15 minutes post-dosing. Colon C_(max) was 2.8 ng/mg tissue, comparable to colon levels observed in the previously-described single oral dose PK study, while blood C_(max) was 0.48 ng/ml, indicating 6-fold higher RvE1 levels in colon than in blood following intracolonic administration.

In summary, the data presented here support the use of orally administered RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, both as monotherapy and as co-therapy with 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA). The treatment of both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis based on the results in the model systems described above is plausible because both are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the lower gastrointestinal tract, which is the condition being modeled in these systems. Although Crohn's disease may affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, including the oral cavity and anus, it most often affects the portion of the small intestine just before the colon while ulcerative colitis affects the colon and rectum. Our results demonstrate that a proportion of RvE1 delivered by orally administered RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate is absorbed directly from the intestinal and colonic lumen into these target tissues for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. As discussed above, this feature provides the basis for a targeted oral dosage form that can be expected to have high therapeutic efficacy, for example, because both the local concentration of RvE1 in the target tissues and the amount of time that the concentration is at or above the therapeutic threshold in those tissues would be improved relative to non-targeted therapy. This combination of targeted delivery and local absorption also avoids loss to non-target tissues and minimizes systemic absorption and off-target effects. In addition, Example 18 demonstrates that RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate may advantageously be administered as a co-therapy with 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA), the first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis and certain types of Crohn's Disease.

The anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties of RvE1 have been thoroughly established in well-controlled experimental systems. However, to translate this activity into a successful medical therapy requires that the correct tissue(s) is exposed to RvE1 at sufficiently high levels and for sufficient lengths of time in order for it to exert its therapeutic effects. The present disclosure provides the first basis for achieving these ends with orally delivered RvE1-Mg-di-lysinate.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula IV, or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof, adapted to deliver the compound to the lower gastrointestinal tract of a subject:

wherein M is a divalent metal selected from magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and zinc (Zn²⁺), A and B are each independently an SPM molecule selected from an E series resolvin, A and B may be the same or different, either A or B, but not both, may be absent, R¹ and R² are each independently —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and —(CH₂)₄—Y², where Y¹ and Y² are each selected from a positively charged primary amine, a positively charged secondary amine, a positively charged tertiary amine, and a positively charged guanidine, X¹ and X² are each independently H or CO—Z and Z is a peptide comprising 1 to 5 amino acids.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is an enema or suppository adapted to deliver the compound to the rectum.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is an oral dosage form adapted to deliver the compound to the colon or ileum.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the oral dosage form comprises one or more of an enteric coating, an erodible and/or degradable matrix material, a gellable or swellable polymer, a poragen, and an osmotic pump mechanism.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein M is selected from magnesium (Mg²⁺) or calcium (Ca²⁺).
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and —(CH₂)₄—Y², and Y¹ and Y² are each selected from a positively charged primary amine, a positively charged secondary amine, a positively charged tertiary amine, and a positively charged guanidine.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein X¹ and X² are each H.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein R¹ and R² are each —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein A and B are each independently an E series resolvin selected from the group consisting of resolvin E1 (RvE1), resolvin E2 (RvE2), resolvin E3 (RvE3), aspirin-triggered RvE1 (AT-RvE1), AT-RvE2, and AT-RvE3.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein A and B are the same.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein M is magnesium (Mg²⁺), R¹ and R² are each —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺, X¹ and X² are each H, and A and B are RvE1, which compound is referred to as bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein M is magnesium (Mg²⁺), R¹ and R² are each —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺, X¹ and X² are each H, and A and B are RvE1, which compound is referred to as bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein M is magnesium (Mg²⁺), R¹ and R² are each —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺, X¹ and X² are each H, and A and B are RvE1, which compound is referred to as bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate.
 14. A method of treating an inflammatory disease or disorder of the lower gastrointestinal tract, the method comprising targeting the release of a compound of Formula IV, or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof, to the distal small intestine, colon, or rectum by administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula IV, or an enantiomer, polymorph, solvate, or hydrate thereof, adapted to deliver the compound to the lower gastrointestinal tract of a subject:

wherein M is a divalent metal selected from magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and zinc (Zn²⁺), A and B are each independently an SPM molecule selected from an E series resolvin, A and B may be the same or different, either A or B, but not both, may be absent, R¹ and R² are each independently selected from —(CH₂)₃—Y¹, and —(CH₂)₄—Y², where Y¹ and Y² are each selected from a positively charged primary amine, a positively charged secondary amine, a positively charged tertiary amine, and a positively charged guanidine, X¹ and X² are each independently H or CO—Z and Z is a peptide comprising 1 to 5 amino acids.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein M is magnesium (Mg²⁺), R¹ and R² are each —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺, X¹ and X² are each H, and A and B are RvE1, which compound is referred to as bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate.
 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising administering to the subject 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA).
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein M is magnesium (Mg²⁺), R¹ and R² are each —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺, X¹ and X² are each H, and A and B are RvE₁, which compound is referred to as bis RvE₁ Mg-di-lysinate.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein M is magnesium (Mg²⁺), R¹ and R² are each —(CH₂)₄—Y² and Y² is —NH₃ ⁺, X¹ and X² are each H, and A and B are RvE1, which compound is referred to as bis RvE1 Mg-di-lysinate. 